Optometry and Binocular Vision Review

General optometry practice exam covering clinical findings, binocular vision anomalies, EOM actions, neuro-ophthalmology, and professional regulations.

What results from Modified Thorington testing on a 14 year old emmetropic patient when the Maddox rod is over the OS and the result is 12?

Horizontally, Uncrossed, exophoria

Which statement is true for a 76 year old pseudophakic patient with an NRA/PRA of $+0.50/-0.50$ over a $+2.50$ add at $40\,cm$?

Appropriate distance RX

Does a patient with a near cover test of $12^{\Delta}XP'$ and vergence ranges of BI: $x/12/8$ and BO: $x/30/18$ meet Sheard's Criterion?

Yes, no need to RX prism

Which clinical finding is most suggestive of an accommodative insufficiency (AI) diagnosis?

Difficulty with (+) on MAF/BAF

What is the AC/A ratio for a patient whose Von Graefe finding changes from $16\,EP'$ to $8\,EP'$ with a $+2.00$ lens?

$$4/1$$

How will a $-2.00\,DS$ OU spectacle prescription affect the vergence abilities of a patient with an AC/A ratio of $4/1$?

BI would decrease while BO would increase

What is the calculated AC/A ratio for a patient with a PD of $58\,mm$, a distance cover test of $7$ exophoria, and a near cover test of $3$ exophoria at $40\,cm$?

$$7.4/1$$

Which test does NOT directly or indirectly test accommodation?

Modified Thorington

How much accommodation is used by a 14 year old with a manifest refraction of OD $+2.50-0.50 \times 180$ and OS $+1.50-0.50 \times 180$ when reading at $33\,cm$ without spectacles?

OD: $5.50\,D$ OS: $4.50\,D$

Define Exotropia.

A Divergent manifest deviation

What is the primary action of the Inferior Oblique muscle?

Extorsion

What is Hering's Law?

Corresponding agonist muscles in different eyes receive equal innervation

What are the three main causes of amblyopia?

Strabismus, anisometropia, or visual deprivation (e.g. cataract or drooping eye lid)

Which clinical exam technique is NOT used to evaluate Binocular Vision Anomalies?

Schirmer Test

What is Sherrington's Law?

The EOMs in one eye receive reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles (when one EOM receives a contraction signal, the opposing EOM in the same eye relaxes)

What is the most common cause of isolated fourth (trochlear) nerve palsy in children?

Head trauma

Which visual field abnormality is correctly paired with a pituitary adenoma?

Bitemporal hemianopia

What is the usual age of onset for spasmus nutans?

Between 4 and 18 months of age

A lesion affecting the left optic radiation will result in which defect?

Right homonymous hemianopsia with normal pupillary reflex

What is the most useful diagnostic tool for assessing diabetic retinopathy?

Fluorescein angiogram

What ocular pathology is most likely present if a patient reports seeing halos?

Glaucoma

What is the primary cause of blindness in developed countries for people over the age of 55 years?

Macular degeneration

What type of corneal opacity is characterized by a visible opaque white spot?

Leukoma

What is the term for the eye position assumed to seize or lessen nystagmus?

Null gaze position

What is the term of office for a member of the Board of Optometry?

3 years

What is the active practice requirement to become a member of the Board of Optometry?

At least 10 years