Transport in animals

What is the circulatory system?

A series of blood vessels with a pump and valves to prevent backflow

Identify the structures of the heart labelled in the diagram below

A ~ Left atrium

B ~ Right ventricle

C, D, G ~ Valve

E ~ Pulmonary vein

F ~ Vena cava

H ~ Aorta

I ~ Pulmonary artery

Show the direction of blood flow through the heart on the diagram below

Blue ~ Deoxygenated

Red ~ Oxygenated

Describe the blood flow through the right side of the heart

1. Deoxygenated blood flows from the vena cava into the right atrium

2. The blood will the pass through the valve into the right ventricle

3. Lastly, the blood will pump out from the pulmonary artery and into the lungs

Describe the blood flow through the left side of the heart

1. Oxygenated blood will enter the left atrium from the pulmonary vein

2. The blood will then pumped through the valve and into the left ventricle

3. Lastly, the blood will be pump out to the body through aorta

What is the name of the wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart?

The septum

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

Cardiac muscle

What is the difference in function between veins, arteries and capillaries?

Veins ~ carry blood into the heart

Arteries ~ carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries ~ flow close to tissues for gas exchange

Describe the structure of arteries

Thick walls made of muscle and elastic tissue and a small lumen to transport blood under high pressure

Describe the structure of capillaries

They have thin walls about one cell thick to allow the easy exchange of substances at the tissue

Describe the structure of veins

Lesser muscle and elastic tissue compared to the arteries. They have large lumen as the blood pressure are low, and they also have valve to prevent backflow

Name the artery and state its purpose

It is pulmonary artery and it supplies heart muscle with blood

Name the blood vessels that supply the lungs with blood

Pulmonary artery

Name the blood vessels that takes blood away from the lungs

Pulmonary vein

Name the main blood vessels that takes blood away from the heart

Aorta

Name the main blood vessels that takes blood to the heart

Vena cava

Name the blood vessels that takes blood to the kidneys

Renal artery

Name the blood vessel that takes the blood away from the kidneys

Renal vein

Name 4 component of the blood

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Plasma

• Platelets

Name 2 types of the white blood cells

• Lymphocyte

• Phagocyte

Identify cell A and cell B

A ~ Lymphocyte

B ~ Phagocyte

What is the function of platelets?

Blood clotting

What is the purpose of blood clotting?

• preventing excess of blood loss

• Preventing the entry of pathogens through wounds

What is the function of red blood cells?

Transporting oxygen to tissues using haomoglobin

State 2 functions of white blood cells

• Produce specific antibodies

• Phagocytosis (engulfing pathogens)

What is the function of plasma?

Transporting substances like ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide in the blood

Give 3 ways of measuring the activity of the heart

1. ECG

2. Pulse rate

3. Listening to the sounds of the valve

State the effect of physical exercise on heart rate

It increases heart rate

Explain the effect of physical exercise on heart rate

• Muscular contraction requires energy from respiration

• More respiration requires more oxygen and more carbon dioxide

• Heart would pump faster to provide more oxygen to the muscle (for respiration) and remove carbon dioxide quickly

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Blockage of coronary artery

6 common risk factors for coronary heart disease

1. Smoking

2. Poor diet

3. Lack of exercise

4. Stress

5. Genetic predisposition

6. Gender

How can coronary heart disease be prevented by altering lifestyle choices?

• Exercise regularly

• Control diet:

  • Eat less saturated fats (饱和脂肪)

  • Eat more fruits and vegetables

  • Eat less salty foods

  • Stop smoking / drinking