Module 3: Adler and Jung

because of not having an organization, not a gifted writer, many of his views are incorporated in the works of later theorists.

Why Adlerian theory less famous?

with weak, inferior bodies

To Adler, people are born with?

to feelings of inferiority and a consequent dependence on other people.

To Adler, people are born with weak, inferior bodies – a condition to?

personality

It is unified and self-consistent

behavior and personality

People's subjective perceptions shape their?

success or superiority

The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is the striving for?

psychologically healthy

Striving for success - success for all humanity; considered as?

FEELING OF INFERIORITY

Psychological aspect of being inadequate

psychologically unhealthy

Striving for superiority - striving for personal superiority over others; considered as?

perception of inadequacy or weakness

For Adler, what is more important than the “actual” weakness.

Compensation

The striving force is innate.

pushed, pulled

People are continually ______ by the need to overcome feelings of inferiority and ______ by the desire for completion.

INFERIORITY COMPLEX

feelings of inferiority act as a barrier to positive accomplishment –“inability to solve life’s problems”

SUPERIORITY COMPLEX

exaggerated opinion of one’s abilities and accomplishments - The person becomes insensitive, boastful, arrogant, insulting and lacking social interest

Fictions

are ideas that have no real existence, yet they influence people AS IF they really existed.

 is the goal of superiority or success

What is our most important fiction?

Fictionalism

People are motivated not by what is true but by their SUBJECTIVE perceptions of what is true.

Organ Dialect

 the body's organs "speak a language which is usually more expressive and discloses the individual's opinion more clearly than words are able to do.

conscious and unconscious

An example of a unified personality is the harmony between?

GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFÜHL.

German word of Social Interest

Social Interest

• A feeling of oneness with humanity.

• It manifests itself as cooperation with others for social advancement rather than for personal gain.

style of life

The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s ________?

Social Interest

• Flavor of a person’s life. Established by age 4 or 5.

• Includes person’s goal, self concept, feeling for others, and attitude towards the world

Creative Power

By this, people places them in control of their own lives, is responsible for their final goal, determines their method of striving for that goal, and contributes to the development of social interest.

In short, it makes each person a FREE INDIVIDUAL

Social Interest

• IT is the NATURAL condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together.

• Necessity for perpetuating the human species.

• Originates from the mother-child relationship.

UNDERDEVELOPED SOCIAL INTEREST

According to Adler, the one factor underlying al types of maladjustments is?

they are over concerned with themselves and little care about others

People become failures in life because?

1.Exaggerated Physical Deficiency

2.Pampered Style of Life

3.Neglected Style of Life

3 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ABNORMALITY

SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES

It enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life.

exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace

Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their?

 Freud’s DEFENSE MECHANISM

Safeguarding Tendencies can be compared to?

Masculine Protest

• In contrast to Freud, Adler believed that the psychic life of women is essentially the same as that of men.

• Men and women overemphasize the importance of being manly

EARLY RECOLLECTIONS

recalled memories yield clues for understanding style of life and final goals

FAMILY CONSTELLATION

birth order, gender of siblings

SECOND BORN

They are extremely ambitious

Youngest Children

They are most pampered , lacks sense of independence , ambitious, but lazy

First Born

They likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety, and overprotective tendencies : Feelings of dethronement

ONLY CHILD

They often weet and affectionate

 to enhance courage, lessen feelings of inferiority, and encourage social interest

What is the chief purpose of Adlerian psychotherapy?

 what people do with what they have is more important than what they have

What Adler emphasized about people?

• Very high on Free choice and optimism

• Very low on causality Moderate on unconscious

• High on Social Factors

• High on Uniqueness of individuals

What is the concept of humanity from Adler?

compendium of opposites

Jung's theory is a?

• Conscious

• Personal Unconscious

• Collective Unconscious

What are the elements of Psyche?

PERSONAL UNCONCIOUS

• Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences.

• Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes (emotionally- toned conglomeration of associated ideas).

Conscious

• Sensed by the ego.

• Ego is the center of consciousness but not the core of the personality.

• In a psychologically healthy person, ego takes a secondary position to the unconscious self.

COLLECTIVE UNCONCIOUS

• Contents are inherited and passed from one generation to the next.

• More or less the same for people in all cultures.

• Archetypes - ancient or archaic messages.

• Dreams are the main source of archetypal materials.

Archetypes

an ancient or archaic messages

Ego

the center of consciousness but not the core of the personality

Dreams

are the main source of archetypal materials

• Persona

• Shadow

• Anima

• Animus

• Great Mother

• Wise Old Man

• Hero

• Self

What are the archetypes?

Shadow

• Archetype of darkness and repression.

• Qualities we do not wish to acknowledge and attempt to hide from ourselves and others.

• First test of courage.

Self

• Archetype of archetypes

• Inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion

• It pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of SELF-REALIZATION (uniting the opposing elements of the psyche)

Animus

• Masculine component of the female psyche.

• It is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. It is capable of influencing the thinking of a woman, yet it does not actually belong to her.

• It belongs to the collective unconscious and originates from encounters ofprehistoric women with men.

Persona

• The side of the personality that people show to the world.

• It is a necessary side of our personality, we should not confuse our public face with our complete self.

• To become psychologically healthy, we must balance the demands of the society and who we really are.

Anima

• Female component in the male psyche.

• Influences the feeling side in man and is the explanation for certain irrational moods and feelings.

• Second test of courage.

Great Mother

• Represents two opposing forces -

• FERTILITY and NOURISHMENT on the one hand and POWER and DESTRUCTION on the other.

Hero

• Represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, or demons

• This archetype has a tragic flaw.

Wise Old Man

• Archetype of wisdom and meaning.

• Symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life

• Causality and Teleology

• Progression and Regression

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

2 BASIC ATTITUDES --> Introversion and Extraversion

4 SEPARATE FUNCTIONS --> Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, and Intuiting

Jung recognized various psychological types that grows out of a union of:

Attitudes

A predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.

Extraversion

turning OUTWARD of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the OBJECTIVE

Introversion

turning INWARD of psychic energy with an orientation toward the SUBJECTIVE

Thinking

Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas.

Introverted Thinking

Interpretation of an event is colored by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves.
EXAMPLE: Inventors and Philosophers

Extraverted Thinking

• rely heavily on concrete thoughts

• Ideas are previously known facts with no originality or creativity.
  EXAMPLE: Engineers, Accountants

Feeling

Process of evaluating an idea or event

Sensing

Individual's perception of sensory impulses

Extraverted Feeling

• use objective data to make evaluations.
  EXAMPLE: Real Estate Appraisers, Businessmen, Politicians

Introverted Sensing

• influenced by subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth

  EXAMPLE: Portrait Artists (gives subjective interpretation to objective phenomena yet can communicate meaning to others)

Introverted Feeling

• value judgment primarily on subjective perceptions.

  EXAMPLE: Art appraisers, Writer

Extraverted Sensing

• perceive external stimuli objectively, in the same way these stimuli exist in reality

  EXAMPLE: Proofreaders or any other job demanding

  SENSORY DISCRIMINATIONS such as wine taster, etc.

Intuiting

Perceptions beyond the workings of consciousness

Introverted Intuiting

• guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality

  EXAMPLE: Prophets

Extraverted Intuiting

• oriented toward facts in the external world. Rather than fully sensing them, however, they merely perceive them subliminally : guided by hunches and guesses contrary to sensory data

  EXAMPLE: Some Inventors

35 or 40,  when a person has to attain self-realization.

Jung emphasized the second half of life, the period after the age of?

Childhood, Youth, Middle Life, Old age

4 GENERAL PERIODS:

SELF REALIZATION

Also known as INDIVIDUATION

1. Word Association Test

2. Dream Analysis

3. Active Imagination

METHODS OF INVESTIGATION:

Self-Realization/Individuation

It is a process of becoming an individual or a whole person, extremely rare.

Psychotherapy - Jungian Therapy

 The ultimate purpose is to help neurotics become healthy and to encourage healthy people to work independently towards SELF REALIZATION.

• Neither pessismistic nor optimistic

• Neither deterministic nor Purposive

• Both causal and teleological

• Partly by conscious and unconscious

• Biological

• High on Similarities

What is the concept of humanity from Jung?