A & P Chapter 1-3

Why Study Anatomy and Physiology?

to understand the human body structures and how they work. Also how to help cure sicknesses

Anatomy

the study of the structures in the human body and where they are at.

Physiology

study of the functions in the body

Science of Body Functions

how the body works.

Gross Anatomy

structure visible without a microscope

Histology

study of tissues

Systemic Anatomy

study of organs

Regional Anatomy

study of body regions

Surface Anatomy

study of external landmarks

Clinical Anatomy

study of medical applications

Pathological Anatomy

study of how structures change in diseases

Cell Physiology

study of cell function

Endocrinology

study of hormones

Cardiovascular

study of heart and blood vessels

Immunology

study of immune defense

Pathology

study of diseases changing function.

How many systems are in the human body?

11

Six levels of structural organization?

Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > System > Organinism

Characteristics of Life:

1. 1. Movement

2. 2. Responsiveness

3. 3. Growth

4. 4. Reproduction

5. 5. Respiration

6. 6. Digestion

7. 7. Absorption

8. 8. Circulation

9. 9. Assimilation

10. 10. Excretion

11. 11. Metabolism

What is Movement?

internal or gross

Responsiveness

respond of react

Growth

increase in size without changing shape

Reproduction

new organism

Respiration

use and removal

Digestion

breakdown

Absorption

moving through membranes

Circulation

within the fluids

Assimilation

change nutrients into chemically forms

Excretion

removal

Metabolism

anabolism/catabolism

Homeostasis

maintaining an equilibrium of internal environment, stay stable

Regulator Processes

chemical composition, osmotic pressure, hydrogen ion concentration and temperature

How does the body bring homeostasis back?

feedback system or loops. (they can be monitored and remonitiored)

Baroreceptors

pressure sensitive sensors, detect high BP, send nerve impulses to brain

Anatomical Position

standing upright, facing forward, head level, eyes forward, flat feet, directed forward

Prone

lying face down, prone = on breastbone

Supine

lying face up, supine = on the spine

Axial Portion

head, neck and trunk

Appendicular Portion

Upper and lower limbs

Cavities

spaces within the body to protect, separate and support internal organs. Separated by bones, muscles, and ligaments

Dorsal Cavity

holds the cranial and vertebral cavities

Ventral Cavity

holds the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Cranial Cavity

contained within cranial bones and brain

Vertebral Canal

Contained within vertebrae and spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

contains chest cavity, ribs, muscles, sternum, and thoracic vertebral column and diaphragm. Also, the pleural cavities (lungs), mediastinum, pericardial cavity (heart)

Abdominopelvic Cavity: Two Cavity’s

Abdominal Cavity: liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, and ureters

Pelvic Cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine

Serous Membranes

protect organs, slippery, and prevent friction.

Pleura Membrane

associated with the lungs, visceral pleura covers them. parietal pleura thoracic cavity.

Pericardium Membrane

serous membrane surrounding the heart

Peritoneum Membrane

serous membrane associated with abdominal cavity

Parietal Layer

lines cavity wall

Visceral Layer

covers the organ

Serous Layer

between the two, prevents friction

Visceral Pericardium

covers the heart

Parietal Pericardium

lines the surface of the pericardial sac

Visceral Peritoneum

covers abdominal viscera

Parietal Peritoneum

lines abdominal wall

Body Covering: Integumentary Systems

skin, hair, nails, and various glands. Covers body, protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, senses change.

Support and Movement: Skeletal System and Muscular System

Skeletal: bones and ligaments, supports, protects, provides framework, stores salts, and houses blood forming tissues

Muscular: muscles, provide body movement, posture, and body heat

Integration and Coordination: Nervous System and Endocrine System

Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs, integrates info from receptors and sends impulses to muscles

Endocrine: glands that secrete hormones, helps to integrate metabolic functions

Transport: Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic System

Cardiovascular: heart and blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients, removes waste from cells

Lymphatic: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity

Absorption and Excretion: Digestive System and Respiratory System and Urinary System

Digestive: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs, receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.

Respiratory: exchanges gases between blood and air. lungs and passageways.

Urinary: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes waste from blood and maintains water and electrolyte balance.

Reproduction: Male and Female

Male: testes, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct sperm to penis

Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia, houses developing offspring.