Module 3: 20th Century Debates in Public Health

Flashcards reviewing 20th century health theories, including Germ Theory, Lifestyle Theory, and Environmental Theory based on notes from Tesh.

The lecture notes on 20th century debates in public health are taken from __________.

Tesh

Under germ theory, germs were thought to cause __________ and disease.

illnesses

With the paradigm shift of germ theory, there was hope that all illness could be __________.

cured

The focus on germ theory extended to the idea that even cancer can be caused by germs—__________.

viruses

In 20th century public health debates, germ theory is synonymous with __________.

science

Eurocentric epistemology represents __________ ways of knowing.

rational

Under positivism, other ways of knowing are __________.

discredited

One critique of germ theory is that it makes disease __________.

impersonal

Individualism allows policy makers to ignore complex __________ factors in disease.

environmental

__________ argued that it was not medicine and medical advances that caused the decline of mortality.

Thomas McKeon

Thomas McKeon attributed the decline of mortality to public health measures, rising standard of living, and improved __________ conditions.

economic

According to McKeon, mortality declined due to public health measures, improved economic conditions, and a rising standard of __________.

living

Lifestyle theory is like personal __________ theory in the 19th century.

behavior

Lifestyle theory is the cornerstone approach to public health policy in terms of __________ illness.

chronic

Public health recommendations under lifestyle theory include eating healthy, reducing stress, and not __________.

smoking

The Federal Government sets health goals for the nation in "Healthy People __________".

2000

According to Tesh (45), lifestyle theory stands for individualism and __________ mobility.

upward

Under lifestyle theory, it is considered chic to work out, care for self, and be __________.

vegetarian

Lifestyle theory gives people a sense of __________.

well-being

According to Tesh (46), lifestyle theory stands for self-reliance and makes you __________.

feel good

Lifestyle theory provides personal control over disease during uncertain eras with wars, catastrophes, and __________.

disasters

Lifestyle theory is comforting because it does not require major changes in the __________.

system

Lifestyle theory is popular with policy makers because it is fiscally prudent and will __________.

save money

A key critique of lifestyle theory is that it does not address the most vulnerable population: the __________.

poor

Lifestyle theory ignores the unequal __________ of people to change their lifestyles.

abilities

Lifestyle theory implies that people get sick because they are __________ and immoral.

lazy

Critiques argue that lifestyle theory implies sick people are lazy and __________.

immoral

Lifestyle theory forgets the entities known as the Manufacturers of __________.

Illness

Lifestyle theory ignores corporate and __________ support of factors that cause disease.

governmental

Examples of Manufacturers of Illness include alcohol, fast foods, direct to consumer marketing of prescription drugs, and __________.

Tobacco

Beside tobacco, fast foods, and drug marketing, __________ is specifically cited as a Manufacturer of Illness.

Alcohol

Manufacturers of Illness include direct to consumer marketing of __________ drugs.

prescription

Environmental theory provides challenges to __________ theory.

germ

Toxic chemicals in the workplace can cause the heart to become __________.

inelastic

Workplace hazards mentioned include asbestos, fumes, pesticides, dyes, and cotton __________.

fibers

Psychological hazards in the workplace include stress and __________.

burnout

Workplace dangers are hard to prove because they __________ over time.

develop

Pesticides and herbicides in groundwater are hard to eliminate because they have a long __________.

half-life

Groundwater contamination by pesticides and herbicides particularly affects __________ areas.

rural

Pesticides and herbicides accumulate in the __________ chain.

food

Hazards where we live include toxic dumps, which are __________.

Carcinogenic

Environmental theory notes that "__________" is not enough to explain expanding living hazards.

Lifestyle

Synthetic substances used in toxic food additives are never fully __________.

tested

Toxic food additives include preservatives, some dyes, and chemical __________.

stabilizers

Toxic chemicals and food packaging add to the disease burden, even though studies are not __________.

conclusive