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The functions of money are
a store of value, a unit of account, and a medium of exchange.
Cyclical unemployment is the result of
a slowdown in the economy.
The town of Marble Falls has 10 workers, of which 8 were employed and 2 were actively seeking work. After many months of seeking work, both of the unemployed workers became discouraged and stopped looking for work six weeks ago. The unemployment rate in Marble Falls is now
0 percent
Which of the following occurred during the industrial revolution in the United States? I. More and more firms shifted toward mass production and automation. II. More and more firms substituted capital investment and technology for labor, leading to a decrease in the demand for labor. III. Technological change and capital investment displaced workers in some industries, although for the economy as a whole, the demand for labor increased
I and III only
If the required reserve ratio is 10 percent and the market interest rate is 8 percent, what is Bolton Bank’s opportunity cost of holding the excess reserves it is currently holding?
$0; Bolton Bank has no excess reserves.
The required reserve ratio is 10 percent. By how much could the banking system ultimately increase the money supply if all excess reserves are loaned out, people never withdraw cash, and all loan proceeds are spent?
$700 million
Which of the following is true regarding the reserve requirements?
The Fed does not change them much at all because doing so would make banking operations difficult
Which of the following is an example of cyclical unemployment?
An autoworker is temporarily laid off from an automobile company due to a decline in sales.
. Suppose the economy is initially in long-run equilibrium. Which of the following events leads to an increase in the price level and a decrease in real GDP in the short run?
an increase in the cost of a key input such as oil
Suppose the price of an important natural resource such as oil falls. What will be the effect on the short-run aggregate supply curve?
The aggregate supply curve will shift to the right.
In the long run, the price level is determined by:
aggregate demand
The quantity of reserves that banks must hold against deposits is called:
required reserves
The multiplier is given by
the ratio of the change in the quantity of real GDP demanded at each price level to the initial change in a component of aggregate demand that produced it.
The town of Marble Falls has 10 workers, of which 8 were employed and 2 were actively seeking work. After many months of seeking work, one of the unemployed workers became discouraged and stopped looking for work six weeks ago. The unemployment rate in Marble Falls is now
11.1 percent
If the real GDP is $7,000 billion and the implicit price deflator is 1.12, what is the value of nominal GDP?
$7,840 billion
All else constant, if real GDP doubles in 12 years, its average annual growth rate is:
approximately 6 percent
The Fed conducts an open market purchase of $10 million in government securities. If the reserve ratio is 20 percent, what is the maximum change in the money supply? Assume banks hold no excess reserves and there is no currency withdrawal from the banking system.
maximum increase in money supply = $50 million
Which of the following will not increase labor’s productivity?
growth in output
A factor critical to economic growth is
technological change that increases labor productivity.
A bank is “loaned up” when
excess reserves are zero
The rule of 72 states that if output grows at some exponential rate of z percent, i
will double in value in approximately 72 × z years
At output level Yk,
the economy is in short-run equilibrium and it operates with a recessionary gap.
In the long run, any price level is consistent with a real wage of $40,000 because
. real wage is perfectly flexible
At output level Yk,
the unemployment rate exceeds the natural rate of unemployment.
If a change in technology moves the aggregate production function in Panel (a) upwards, what happens to the economy’s potential output?
The potential output increases.
A natural disaster suddenly destroys a large portion of the capital stock. What will happen to the production function as a result?
The production function will shift downward.
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 in response to the:
bank panic of 1907
What could have caused the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right from AD1 to AD2?
an increase in exports
All other things unchanged, a higher exchange rate
reduces net exports and aggregate demand.
Suppose the measured unemployment rate is 7.4 percent and the natural rate of unemployment is 5.1 percent. In this situation, policymakers should
attempt to stimulate the economy.
In countries that have a high degree of employment protection as measured by the World Bank's Rigidity of Employment Index, approximately ________ of jobless workers have been employed for more than one year.
43 percent
The intersection of the economy’s aggregate demand and long-run aggregate supply curves I. determines its equilibrium real GDP in both the long run and the short run. II. determines its equilibrium price level in both the long run and the short run. III. occurs at the economy’s potential output.
I, II, and III
Countries that have greater employment protection laws than other countries generally have ________ unemployment rates, with spells of unemployment tending to ________.
higher; last longer
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a person who does not have a job and has not been actively looking for a job in the past four weeks is considered:
not in the labor force
In Year 2, the supply of money measured by M1 was:
$550 billion
Using the aggregate demand–aggregate supply model, predict what happens in the short run if an increase in health insurance premiums paid by firms raises the cost of employing each worker.
The aggregate supply curve shifts left; the aggregate demand curve is not affected; price level increases; real GDP decreases.
Suppose the Fed wants to stimulate the economy. It can accomplish this by
buying bonds and increasing the discount rate.
Suppose the economy is initially in short-run equilibrium at B. Policy makers could either pursue a stabilization policy or allow the economy to adjust on its own. What is the difference between the two policy choices, if any?
A stabilization policy would return real GDP to its potential at a price level of Pa while a nonintervention
Which of the following is an example of a bank’s assets?
vault cash
A curve that relates an economy’s total output to the total amount of labor employed, holding all other determinants of output constant, is called
an aggregate production function.
The more generous unemployment benefits are, the ________ the unemployment rate remains, the ________ the time frame people tend to remain unemployed
higher; longer
Economic growth can be modeled as I. an outward shift of the economy’s production possibilities curve. II. a rightward shift of the economy’s long-run aggregate supply curve. III. a rightward shift of the labor demand and the labor supply curves. IV. a downward shift of the economy’s aggregate production function.
I, II, and IV only
The rise and fall of real GDP over the course of the business cycle suggests that
the economy may not always be in long-run equilibrium.
Which of the following will decrease the aggregate quantity of output supplied?
an increase in input costs
According to the international trade effect, holding everything else unchanged,
an increase in net exports shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right.
People who were working in the formal sector and now work in the underground economy but report being unemployed will cause the unemployment rate to ________, and this action tends to ________ the unemployment rate.
increase; overstate
Which of the following is a cost of economic growth?
the sacrifice of current consumption
What do economists mean by the term “sticky wage”?
It refers to a wage that is slow to adjust to its equilibrium level, creating sustained periods of shortage or surplus in the labor market
Economists do not use actual values of real GDP to measure economic growth because
real GDP holds price level constant, but in reality, price level changes from year to year
Assume that the economy is initially in long-run equilibrium. What happens if investment spending increases?
The aggregate demand curve shifts right and the price level increases.