Art Movements & Key Artists: 19th-Century Modern Art Exam

What is the format of the Art 312 exam?

The exam consists of 75 multiple choice questions, lasts 70 minutes, and is closed-book with no notes allowed.

What is the Academy of Beaux Arts?

A prestigious art school in France known for its traditional approach to art education.

What was the Salon of the Refused?

An exhibition held in 1863 that showcased works rejected by the Academy, breaking with traditional exhibition practices.

How did Manet and Courbet challenge art display conventions?

They rejected traditional subjects and styles, presenting modern life and controversial themes in their works.

What is the difference between daguerreotype and calotype?

Daguerreotype is a single-image photographic process, while calotype allows for multiple prints from a single negative.

Why is Impressionism considered the start of modern art?

Impressionism broke away from traditional techniques and subjects, focusing on light and everyday scenes.

What is Haussmannization?

The urban renewal program in Paris that transformed the city with wide boulevards and modern infrastructure.

What is japonisme?

A French term for the influence of Japanese art and aesthetics on Western art, particularly in the 19th century.

What year was the first Impressionist show?

1874

What is the belle époque?

A period in French history characterized by cultural flourishing and artistic innovation from the late 19th to early 20th century.

What was Montmartre famous for?

Montmartre became a hub for artists and working-class residents in the 19th century due to its bohemian atmosphere and affordable living.

Why is Cézanne considered the 'Father of Western Art'?

Cézanne's innovative approach to composition, color, and perspective laid the groundwork for modern art movements.

What genre is Jacques-Louis David's 'The Oath of the Horatii'?

Neo-Classicism.

What criticism did Louis-Jacques Daguerre's 'Boulevard du Temple Paris' face?

The work was criticized for its limitations in capturing movement and detail due to the long exposure time required.

Who is Sarah Bernhardt and why was she chosen for Nadar's portrait?

A famous actress of the time, chosen for her prominence in the theater and her unique persona.

What is the subject of Mathew Brady's 'Dead Soldier, Civil War'?

The subject is a fallen soldier, and the images were used to document the realities of war.

What makes Julia Margaret Cameron's 'Unknown Girl Ceylon' unusual for its time?

It features a young girl as the subject, which was uncommon in portrait photography of that era.

What connects Honoré Daumier's 'Rue Transnonain' to Realism?

It depicts a real event, showcasing the harsh realities of life and social injustices.

Why did Gustave Courbet's 'A Burial at Ornans' bother critics?

It depicted a mundane funeral scene in a grand manner, challenging traditional subject matter in art.

What scandalized the public about Edouard Manet's 'Déjeuner sur l'herbe'?

The painting depicted a nude woman dining with fully clothed men, challenging societal norms.

What contemporary art forms influenced Claude Monet's 'Boulevard des Capucines'?

Photography and the fleeting effects of light influenced this Impressionist work.

What is the subject of Auguste Renoir's 'Moulin de la Galette'?

A lively outdoor scene capturing the joy of Parisian social life.

What distinguishes Georges Seurat's style in 'A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of the Grande Jatte'?

His use of pointillism, a technique involving small dots of color to create an image.

How did Edgar Degas's approach differ from other Impressionists?

Degas focused on movement and the human figure, often using unusual angles and compositions.

What subject matter did Berthe Morisot paint in 'The Cradle'?

She depicted intimate domestic scenes, often focusing on women and children.

What made Cézanne a visionary artist?

His emphasis on abstraction and simplification of forms changed perceptions of composition and perspective.

What emotion does Vincent van Gogh convey in 'The Night Café'?

He expresses feelings of isolation and anxiety through color and composition.

What is Edvard Munch expressing in 'The Scream'?

Munch conveys existential angst and emotional turmoil, reflecting personal experiences of loss.

How did Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec elevate the medium of lithography?

He used it to create vibrant posters that captured the nightlife and culture of Paris.

What Christian theme is represented in Paul Gauguin's 'Ia Orana Maria'?

The painting depicts the Virgin Mary, reflecting Gauguin's interest in spirituality and exoticism.