RAD 112 Chapter 2

Anatomy

the term applied to the science of the structure of the body

Physiology

the study of the function of the body organs

Osteology

the detailed study of the body of knowledge retaining to the bones of the body

Body Planes

“slice” the body in all directions at designated levels

Sagittal Plane

pass through vertically from front to back, dividing the body into left and right sections

Coronal

pass through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior

Midsagittal

sagittal plane that passes through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves

Midcoronal (Midaxillary)

specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves

Horizontal (Transverse)

pass crosswise through the body or body parts at right angles to the longitudinal axis; right angle to sagittal and coronal planes; divides into superior and inferior planes

Oblique

pass through a body part at any angle

Why are planes used?

to center a body part to the IR or cenral ray

special planes

localized to specific parts or areas of the body (interiliac and occlusal)

Interiliac

transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests

Occlusal

formed by the biting surfaces of teeth

Thoracic Cavity

pleural membrane, trachea, pericardium, lungs, esophagus, heart and great vessels

Abdominal Cavity

peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels

Pelvis Cavity

rectum, urinary bladder, parts of the reproductive system

4 Quadrants

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Superior Region

right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium

Middle Region

right lateral, umbilical, left lateral

Inferior Region

right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal

Body Habitus

the common variation in the shape of the human body

Sthenic

50% (normal) moderately long abdomen, moderately short broad and deep thorax, relatively small pelvis

Hyposthenic

35% pretty much normal

Asthenic

10% short abdomen, long shallow thorax, wide pelivs

Hypersthenic

5% long abdomen, short broad deep thorax, narrow pelvis

What organs are affected by body habitus?

heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, gallbladder

Bone Functions

attachment for muscles, mechanical basis of movement, protection of internal organs, support frame for body, storage for calcium phosphorus and other salts, production of red and white blood cells

How many bones are there and what are the groups?

206 bones; 80 in the axial skeleton, 126 in the appendicular skeleton

Axial Skeleton

supports and protects the head and trunk

Appendicular Skeleton

provides means for movement

Compact Bone

strong, dense outer layer; protects the bone and gives it strength for supporting the body

Spongy Bone

inner, less dense layer; contains spiculated network of interconnecting spaces called trabeculae

Trabeculae

filled with red and yellow marrow

Red Marrow

produces red and white blood cells; found in the ends of long bones

Yellow marrow

stores fat callls

Medullary Cavity

central cavity of long bone; contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow

Periosteum

tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends

Endosteum

lines medullary cavity

Ossification

term that applies to the development and formation of bones

Intermembranous Ossification

consider that the skull bones must ossify prior to the delivery of the fetus, so that the brain is not squashed during childbirth; after birth they join and form sutures or joints; bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo produce the flat bones

Endochondral Ossification

has primary and secondary development

Primary Ossification

begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

Secondary Ossification

occurs after birth when seperate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones

Diaphysis

the long shaft of the bone

Epiphysis

ends of bones

Classification of Bones

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Long Bones

only in limbs; consist of body and 2 articular ends

Articulation

location where 2 or more bones meet

Short Bones

consist mostly of cancellous bone (spongy) with a thin outer layer of compact bone

Flat Bone

consist of 2 plates of compact bones

Diploe

middle layer of cancellous bone

Irregular Bone

peciliary shaped

Sesamoid Bone

very small and oval; develop inside and beside tendons; protect tendons from excessive wear

Arthrology

the study of joints, or articulation, between bones

Synarthroses

immoveable joints

Amphiarthroses

slightly moveable

Diarthroses

freely moveable joints

How do you classify joints?

Structurally on the basis of their connective tissues; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Fibrous Joints

don’t have a joint cavity; united by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments; strongest joints

Syndesmosis Joint

immovable or very slightly movable; united by fibrous sheets

Suture Joint

immoveable joint only in the skull

Gomphosis Joint

immovable joint only in the roots of teeth

Symphysis Joint

cartilage joint; slightly moveable joint; separates by a pad of fibrocartilage; designed for strength and shock absorbency

Synchondrosis

cartilage joint; immovable joint; united by rigid cartilage

Synovial Joints

permits wide range of motion; freely moveable; most complex joints in the body; enclosed completely by articular capsule to join seperate bones

Synovial Fluid

cushions and protects

Gliding Joint

simplest synovial joint

Hinge Joint

permit flexion and extension only

Pivot Joint

allows rotation around a single axis

Ellipsoid Joint

allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

Saddle Joint

allows movement similar to ellipsoid; difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces

Ball and Socket Joint

permits widest range of motion

Processes or Projections

extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone

Depressions

hollow or depressed areas

Fractures

a break in bone

Condyle

rounded process at an articular end

Coracoid or Coronoid

breaklike or crownlike process

Crest

ridgelike process

Epicondyle

projection above a condyle

Facet

small, smooth-surfaced articular process

Hamulus

hook-shaped process

Head

expanded end of a long bone

Horn

hornlike process

Line

linear elevation; not as prominent as a crest

Malleolus

club-shaped process

Protuberance

projecting prominence

Spine

sharp process

Styloid

long, pointed process

Trochanter

either of the 2 larger, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur

Tubercle

small, rounded, and elevated process

Tuberosity

large, rounded, and elevated process

Fissure

cleft or deep grove

Forearm

hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves

Fossa

pit, fovea, or hollow space

Groove

shallow linear channel

Meatus

tubelike passageway

Notch

indentation in the border of a bone

Sinus

recess, groove, cavity, or hallow spaceSu

Sulcus

furrow or trench