ILTS Middle Grades Social Science (204)

Squanto

Algonquian who helped early English settlers survive by teaching them native methods of planting corn, squash, and pumpkins

Pocahontas

Algonquian, famous as liaison with John Smith's Jamestown colony in 1607

Sacagawea

Shoshone woman who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1805

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

Led Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, defeating George Custer

Chief Joseph

leader of the Nez Perce who supported peaceful interactions with white settlers, tried to relocate tribe to Canada rather than a reservation

Algonquians

Eastern part of US, lived in wigwams. Mostly hunter-gatherers. Those who lived further south grew crops like corn

Iroquois

east coast tribe, spoke different language than Algonquians and lived in rectangular longhouses

Plains tribes

between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains, nomadic, teepees, followed buffalo herds

includes Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, Blackfoot

Pueblo tribes

-Zuni, Hopi, Acoma

-Southwest deserts in homes made of stone or adobe

-Domesticated animals

-Cultivated corn and beans

Tlingit, Chinook and Salish

Pacific coast

ate fish, deer, native berries, and roots

rectangular homes in large family groups

totem poles

Aleuts and Inuit

Far north

lived in skin tents and igloos

Fisherman

built kayaks, umiaks

hunted caribou, seals, whales, and walrus

Age of Exploration

Early 15th to 17 century

Major developments in technology like mapmaking, navigation, and shipbuilding made exploration from Europe possible

Navigation Acts

Started in 1651 as an attempt by Britain to dominate international trade. Aimed to hurt the Dutch, banned foreign ships from transporting goods to and from British colonies. Some colonists were upset by it but mostly helped build up colonists and their fortunes

Taxation of American Colonies after French and Indian War

Britain raised taxes bc they needed more money for...

1) paying off war debt

2) Defending expanding empire

3) Governing the 33 colonies

Triangular Trade

Colonies sent Rum to Africa, where rum was traded for gold and slaves. Then in the West Indies, slaves were traded for sugar, molasses, or money. Then they would go back to the colonies with sugar, molasses, and gold/silver.

Violated Molasses Act of 1733 (required higher payment for molasses from French/Dutch/Spanish colonies), but most colonists ignored payments, and gov't didn't enforce it

Representative Government in the colonies vs Britian

American colonists had some representation in local governments and England ruled on international issues.

Colonial legislative bodies were made up of property owning men from that district and represented those interests. But the British parliment represented whole country by class. They couldn't understand the colonial views on gov't and need for representation

Sugar Act of 1764

Required taxes on molasses brought into colonies but gave British officials the right to search homes of anyone suspected of violating it

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal when they bought paper items.

Repealed in 1766 but included the Declaratory Act which stated Parliament had the right to govern the colonies

Quartering Act of 1765

Required colonists to provide accommodations and supplies for British troops

Also stopped settling west of Appalachians unless given permission

Townshend Acts of 1767

Taxed paper, paint, lead, and tea that came into colonies. Colonists boycotted and protested. Samuel and John Adams began to organize resistance bc of this act

Boston Massacre

Protests against the Townshend Acts led to British Troops being sent to NYC and Boston. On March 5, 1770, protesters were taunting the troops and they opened fired into the crowd.

5 died, eight injuries. Shortly after, Townshed acts were repealed but tax on tea stayed

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party

December 1773, Sons of Liberty boared ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor as protest

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

1774, did 4 things

1. Shut down ports in Boston until the city paid back the cost of tea destroyed

2. It Required that local gov't officials in MA be appointed by the governer instead of people

3. Allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain rather than MA

4. Required locals to provide lodging for soldiers any time there was a disturbance (even in private homes)

First Continental Congress (1774)

Goal: reach a peaceful agreement with Britian. 12 of 13 colonies present. Affirmed loyalty to Britain and its ability to control the colonies but demanded Intolerable Acts be repealed and placed a trade embargo with Britain until then.

King George III would not listen and threatened violence. The battle of Lexington and Concord followed.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

First engagement of Revolutionary War. On April 19, 1775, British military was ordered to stop a meeting and armed conflict started when colonists resisted

Second Continental Congress (1775)

May 10, 1775. Discussed on defense of American colonies, war, and local gov'ts. Delegates discussed declaring independence from England.

Established army with George Washington as commander in chief.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state. Used ideas established by John Locke