ap lang bruh

Ethos

• credibility • author's expertise, reputation, character, shared values

Pathos

• emotion • vivid imagery, personal anecdotes, loaded language, appeals to fear/hope/pride

Logos

• logic • statistics, data, expert testimony, cause-effect reasoning, concrete examples

Diction

• word choice • formal/informal, concrete/abstract, denotation vs. connotation

Syntax

• sentence structure • short/staccato vs. long/complex • periodic, loose, cumulative, parallel

Tone and mood

• - tone = author's attitude; mood = reader's feeling (don't confuse them)

Figurative language

• metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, understatement, irony

Anaphora

• repeating words at start ("We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight...")

Antithesis

• contrasting ideas in parallel structure ("Ask not what your country can do for you...")

Allusion

• reference to history, literature, or cultural figure to add weight

Juxtaposition

• placing contrasting ideas/images side by side

Rhetorical question

• not for answers; for emphasis or to guide reader's thinking

Concesión and counter argument

• acknowledging opposing view to strengthen your own

REMEBER

(Speaker, Purpose, Audience, Context, Exigence)