Introduction To Computing Reviewer

Computing

Any activity that utilizes computers to manage, process, and communicate critical information that is an integral part of modern industrial technology.

Early Civilizations

• The Babylonians

• The Egyptians

• The Greeks

• The Romans

• The Islamic Influence

The Babylonians

• Thrived in Mesopotamia (Iraq) from about 2000 BC until about 500 BC.

• Clay cuneiform tables with mathematical texts, 19th Century.

• Numerical system only used two symbols (1 and 10) to symbolize numbers.

The Egyptians

• Measuring time, measuring floods, calculating the land area, bookkeeping, and calculating taxes

• Used a base 10 number system which has distinct symbols.

Rhind Papyrus

• Famous Egyptian papyrus, a writing surface like paper

• Includes all type of arithmetic and geometric problems

The Greeks

-Works by Pythagoras and Thales centered on Geometry were two of the most remarkable contributions to early Greek mathematics (500-600 BC).

Pythagoras

• philosopher and a mathematician who had spent time in Egypt to become familiarized with Egyptian mathematics.

The Romans

• Were influenced by Greek culture and mathematics

• Roman number system was one of their most considerable contributions, uses letter to symbolize numbers.

The Islamic Influence

• Mathematics developed by scholars in the Islamic world, including North Africa, the Middle East, and Spain.

• Later applied algebra to arithmetic and geometry and studied curves using equations.

Notable Figures in Computing

• Wilhelm Gottfeid Leibniz (Step Reckoner)

• Charles Babbage (The Difference Engine)

• George Boole (Symbolic Logic)

• Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (COBOL)

• Katherine Johnson (Human Computer)

• Gladys Mae West (GPS Technology)

Willhelm Gottfeid Leibniz

• German philosopher, mathematician, and one of the pioneers in mechanical calculations.

• Developed binary number system used in digital computers.

• Recognized the limitations of Pascaline.

• “The Step Reckoner”

Charles Babbage

• Designed a device in 1821 that aimed to be more advanced than Pascaline and the Step Reckoner, called “Difference Engine”

George Boole

• Developed Boolean algebra, which is the foundation of modern computing.

• Never truly built a computer or calculating machine.

• “Mathematical Analysis of Logic” in 1847

• Contested that logic should be considered a separate branch of mathematics and not just part of Philosophy.

Grace Brewster Murray Hopper

• Computer pioneer and naval officer

• known for her trailblazing involvement in developing computer language such as COBOL (Common Business-oriented Language) in 1959.

Katherine Johnson

• Studied geometry for space and travel which helped her figure out the paths for spacecraft to orbit Earth and land on the moon

• Her calculation allowed NASA to send astronauts to the moon and back.

Gladys Mae West

• Most outstanding contribution was creating a detailed geodetic model of the Earth, which became the basis for the Global Positioning System (GPS) development in the 1960s.

Cloud Computing

• Application of hardware and software to deliver readily available, on-demand, and measured computing services over the internet.

• collected data is stored in a “cloud”.

Applications of the cloud computing

• Cloud Storage

• Google Translate

• Streaming services

Cloud Storage

such as Google Drive and iCloud where users can back up and restore local files

Google Translate

instantly translates words, dialects, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages

Streaming Services

such as Netflix, Apple TV, and Deezer manage real-time data logs

Virtualization

• simulates hardware functions by creating multiple virtual machines on a physical server that acts as a hardware device.

• It’s essence is to detach software from hardware by converting “physical” devices into “logical” folders or files.

Application of virtualization

• Server virtualization

• In desktop virtualization

• Storage virtualization

Server Virtualization

companies use one server to support different functions for more structured resource applications

In desktop virtualization

users run several desktop operating systems from a single computer

Storage virtualizations

lets connected devices, servers, and applications acquire information from a centralized dashboard such as a cloud.

Internet of Things (IoT)

• a network of an extensive range of physical objectives that automatically share data over the internet.

• allows faster information exchange and communication between “things” such as global positioning systems (GPS) and laser scanners.

Key technologies used by IoT

• Radio frequency identification (RFID)

• Sensor technology

• Embedded systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

found on electronic tags and smart cards

Sensor technology

detects and collects environmental signals such as temperature, humidity, and speed.

Embedded systems

hardware and software are integrated to provide specific functions such as automated teller machines (ATM), digital cameras, and calculators.

Big Data

are massive and complex datasets characterized by high volume, variety of data types, and velocity as data are collected and analyzed at ever-increasing rates.

Applications of Big data

• Banking industries

• Healthcare industries

• Education systems

Banking industries

use big data to track financial market activities

Healthcare industries

use big data to acquire a sizable amount of data from thousands of patients

Education systems

use big data to measure a teacher’s effectiveness to ensure a pleasant experience for students and teachers

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Machines can learn from experience, adjust to new inputs, and do human-like activities because of this technology.

Fog Computing

• Extension of the idea of cloud computing proposed by Cisco

• allows local data analytics and management and the distribution of real-time data insights to customers in different areas such as factories, streetlights, and commodities.

• the cloud is placed up in the sky, whereas the fog is closer to the ground.

Edge Computing

• decentralized and distributed cloud computing; wherein “edge” is a general concept.

• raw data in edge computing is analyzed locally instead of transferred to the cloud.

Various impacts of Computing in Different industries

• Business Organizations

• Banking Industries

• Education

• Healthcare

• Government

• Robotics