Field Methods

Questionnaire

Carla wants to know the eating habits of grade 11 students. She distributes a checklist survey for them to fill out. What method is she using?

Non-participant observation

Jose wants to study playground interactions of children. He sits on a bench and quietly records how children play without joining in. What method is this?

Structured interview

Ella is a psychology researcher. She asks 30 participants the same set of pre-planned questions one-on-one. Which method is she applying?

Panel Discussion

A group of environmental scientists sits in front of an audience and debates the pros and cons of renewable energy. The audience can ask questions afterward. What data collection method is used?

Focus Group Discussion

Kim gathers six mothers in a room and facilitates a guided discussion about their parenting struggles. This is an example of:

Texts and discourses

Leo researches language use by analyzing old speeches and written texts of political leaders. What method is this?

Media Data

A student-researcher collects information from trending TikTok videos to study communication patterns of teenagers. What method is being applied?

Panel Discussion

During her thesis defense, Anna’s panel of experts gives comments, insights, and clarifications about her methods. Which method resembles this situation?

Participant observation

A teacher observes his students while also joining group games to see how they cooperate. This is:

Unstructured

Mia asks an open-ended question to farmers about their daily struggles and lets them freely narrate. Which interview type is she using?

Standardized Psychological Test

A psychologist gives an IQ test with standardized scoring to 40 students. This method falls under:

Measuring devices

Kevin uses a stopwatch and digital counter to record athletes’ speed in a running test. His data collection method is:

Questionnaire

A researcher asks students to rank their level of agreement on a 5-point scale from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree.”

Texts and Discourses

Princess uses newspapers and magazines to gather evidence for her history project. She is using:

Media Data

Carlo collects tweets from X (Twitter) to analyze public opinion about climate change. This is an example of:

Participant observation

A nursing student studies how patients behave inside a ward by blending in as a hospital volunteer. What method is used?

Semi-structured

Karen interviews barangay officials with prepared guide questions but also allows follow-up clarifications. Which interview type is this?

Media Data

A political scientist wants to study online discussions about the SONA. He analyzes Facebook comments and reactions. What method is this?

Focus Group Discussion

A class adviser asks all her students to share their opinions in a circle while she moderates the flow. This is:

Texts and discourses

Brian studies the language of court proceedings by analyzing transcripts. This is:

The complete set of individuals of interest in the research

A population refers to:

Study population

If you want to study all TAU students, but you only survey BS Criminology students, what population is this?

Element

What is each member of the population called?

A representative sample

Which of the following ensures generalization of results?

Voluntary response sampling

Maria selects respondents based only on who volunteers. This is:

Convenience sample

Mark stands outside a mall and surveys the first 50 people who pass by. This is:

Stratified random sampling

Clara divides her population into “male” and “female” then randomly selects from both groups. This is:

Cluster sampling

If a researcher randomly selects barangays first, then randomly picks households from those barangays, what sampling is this?

Systematic random sampling

Miguel uses a list of all 1,000 students and selects every 10th student. This is:

Convenience sample

What kind of sample is chosen because the respondents are easiest to reach?

Purposive sample

Teacher Ana chooses top-performing students because she thinks they represent her research best. This is:

The entire population

In complete enumeration, a researcher surveys:

Convenience sampling

Which is NOT a probability sampling method?

One group is favored over others

A biased sample happens when:

If the population is very small

When is complete enumeration most practical?

Theoretical population → Study population → Sampling frame → Sample

What is the correct order of the sampling breakdown?

Research hypothesis

Which factor does NOT affect sample representativeness?

Several stages of sampling before arriving at the final respondents

A multistage sample involves:

Based on fixed proportions from subgroups

In quota sampling, respondents are chosen:
a) Randomly from the entire population
b) Based on fixed proportions from subgroups
c) Because they are easiest to find
d) Because they volunteered

Convenience sample

A student researcher chooses classmates because they are readily available. This is an example of:

Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents with informed consent

According to the Belmont Report, the principle of Respect for Persons means:

Obtain parental/guardian consent for protection

A researcher wants to include children in a study. Since they are less autonomous, the researcher must:

Maximize benefits and minimize harm to participants

The Belmont principle of Beneficence requires researchers to:

Justice

A cancer drug trial recruits only low-income participants, but the treatment will only be available to wealthy groups. This violates which Belmont principle?

Integrity

Which APA principle stresses accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in research and practice?

Fidelity and Responsibility

A professor-researcher promises to share study results with participants but fails to do so. Which APA principle was violated?

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

The committee that ensures research is conducted ethically and interprets principles is called:

Informed Consent

A researcher explains the study, its risks and benefits, and collects signed agreement before participants join. This illustrates:

When research involves no risk in educational settings

According to APA standards, when may informed consent be waived?

Deception

A researcher withholds some details to prevent bias in participant behavior but ensures debriefing afterward. This is:

Data fabrication

Which occurs when researchers make up results instead of recording real data?

Falsification

A researcher deletes outlier results because they don’t fit their hypothesis. This is:

Appropriating another’s ideas or words without proper credit

Plagiarism is best defined as:

Plagiarism

A student paraphrases an article but does not cite the author. This is considered:

Replacement

Which guideline requires researchers to find alternatives to animal use when possible?

Reduction

A study uses fewer rats to minimize harm, ensuring data quality. This follows which principle?

Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples

Which principle emphasizes the inherent worth of all human beings regardless of status, gender, or origin?

Competent Caring

A psychologist uses outdated, ineffective therapy techniques in a study, causing harm. Which PAP principle is violated?

Balancing openness with confidentiality and cultural expectations

Integrity in the PAP Code of Ethics means:

Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society

A researcher manipulates statistics to gain recognition but damages the profession’s credibility. Which principle is violated?

Explaining withheld information or deception after the study

Debriefing refers to:

It poses no risk and respects privacy

A researcher studies people’s behavior in a public park without interference and without consent. This is acceptable if:

Include all who significantly contributed to the research

Ethical guidelines require publication credit to:

Duplicate publication

A researcher submits the same dataset to two different journals as separate studies. This is:

It allows others to check accuracy and validity

Sharing research data for verification is important because: