Unit 2 Notes: Cell Structure and Functions

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Cell Theory

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Cell structures and functions

28 Terms

1

Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or more cells; a cell is the basic unit of life; all cells come from preexisting cells.

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2

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus; includes Archaea and Bacteria.

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3

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

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4

Plasma Membrane

A semi-permeable membrane that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste in/out of the cell.

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5

Endomembrane System

A system that includes the synthesis and transport of proteins, lipid movement, and detoxification processes.

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6

Nuclear Envelope

A double layer of membranes with pores that allows movement in and out of the nucleus.

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7

Ribosomes

Cell structures that carry out protein synthesis, consisting of rRNA and proteins.

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8

Smooth ER

Type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs, not covered in ribosomes.

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9

Rough ER

Type of endoplasmic reticulum covered in ribosomes, produces secretory proteins.

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10

Golgi Apparatus

Organelles that modify, store, and ship proteins received from the ER.

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11

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris.

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12

Vesicles

Tiny sacs made of lipid bilayer that transport materials within or out of the cell.

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13

Mitochondria

Organelles that serve as the site of cellular respiration, generating ATP from fats and sugars.

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14

Chloroplasts

Organelles in plants that conduct photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll and thylakoids.

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15

Cell Wall

A rigid structure made of cellulose that protects plant cells and helps maintain shape.

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16

Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without the use of energy, following the concentration gradient.

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17

Active Transport

The pumping of solutes across a membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

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18

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher.

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19

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water, related to solute concentration.

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20

Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal solute concentration, resulting in no net movement of water.

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21

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration, causing a cell to lose water and shrink.

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22

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration, causing a cell to gain water and potentially swell.

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23

Osmoregulation

The ability of organisms to maintain water balance and control solute concentration.

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24

Fluid Mosaic Model

A depiction of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules suspended in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

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25

Simple Diffusion

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration without the use of energy.

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26

Facilitated Diffusion

Transport of substances across a membrane via proteins, following the concentration gradient.

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27

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that helps maintain cell shape, enables movement, and organizes cell contents.

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28

Endosymbiont Theory

The theory that eukaryotic cells originated through the engulfing of prokaryotic cells, leading to a mutualistic relationship.

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