APUSH

- Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement; should not challenge segregation

"Atlanta Compromise"

- This cultural group/movement supported bohemianism and harsh critiques of U.S. society; strong influence on 1960s counterculture

Beats"

sequence of violent events involving abolitionists & pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory; dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent; Kansas- symbol of conflict

"Bleeding Kansas"

- Said by Winthrop; refers to the idea that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth

"City upon a hill"

- 1st supported stopping of advancement of Communist influence in Eastern Europe & Asia. 2nd supported by senator Barry Goldwater: "1st was defeatist" and U.S. should push back Communism from the influenced areas.

"Containment" vs. "rollback"

- N. Democrats who opposed the Civil War & sympathized w/ the South; fought against Lincoln, the draft & emancipation

"Copperheads" / Peace Democrats

- 60s youth involved in alternative lifestyles: drug use, long hair, flamboyant clothing, iconoclastic & obscene language - more common, "sexual revolution:", rejection of conventionl, middle- class culture, rock & soul music, creation of new set of norms, Woodstock Music Festival (Aug. 1969), and changes in movies.

"Counterculture"

- Sherman's Special Field Order; slogan promising blacks (freedman) forty acres of land & a mule to plow with ; failed reconstruction attempt

"Forty acres and a mule"

- Political ideology of the 1840s that opposed the expansion of slavery in order to allow white farmers to settle in western territories; believed slavery was dangerous b/c it was a threat to whites & the rights of all; believe the South wanted to extend slavery & destroy Northern capitalism--> formed Republican party

"Free-soil" ideology

- Vast arid territory west of the Missouri River & east of the Rocky Mountains; encouraged westward expansion after Stephen Long's Expedition

"Great American Desert"

- Carter insisted that the United States should take a moral posture by giving human rights a higher priority; he spoke on behalf of political prisoners; reduced aid to dictatorships.

"Human Rights" foreign policy

- Period that Congress received and enacted 15 major proposals from FDR; established CCC, TVA, AAA, emergency banking act, NRA, and other organizations that had the purpose of combating socioeconomic problems

"Hundred Days"

- "Driving force" of Southern economy; coined by James Hammond; "upper" South--> "lower"/"deep" South b/c of westward expansion

"King Cotton"

- response to S. Carolina Senator Robert Y. Hayne's defense of nullification theory; "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

"Liberty and Union" Speech

- Myth: Civil War fought over states' rights & creation of independent nation; slavery was not a major cause; slavery would have been eventually eliminated; unity b/t North & South to exclusion of blacks

"Lost Cause" of the Confederacy

- Group of American intellectuals who viewed America in the 1920s as bigoted, intellectually shallow, and consumed by the quest for the dollar; many became extremely disillusioned with American life and went to Paris. Earnest Hemingway wrote of this group in The Sun Also Rises.

"Lost Generation"

- American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains; 1st to move into Indian territory, land they would ultimately dominate

"Mountain Men'"

- Refers to immigration from small towns and villages in southern and eastern Europe beginning in 1880; immigrants primarily settled in large cities in the Northeast and Midwest

"New immigration"

- The economic policies adopted by Reagan. They were based on tax-cuts, budget-cuts, and the belief of trickle-down economics. This economic policy caused a great deal of discontent, but after he left office, the country was no longer troubled by high inflation and unemployment.

"Reaganomics"

- Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South; staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state gov.; foundation rested on the idea of racism & white supremacy; waged and aggressive assault on African Americans; political power to white Democrats; lower taxation, lower gov. spending, lower education; advances of Reconstruction gov. dismantled

"Redeemers"

"Roosevelt Recession" - This terms refers to the period when FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a recession

"Roosevelt Recession"

- Inspirational figure for women during WWII to take up the blue collar jobs that men had left in order to fight.

"Rosie the Riveter"

- 150 years of colonial self-rule due to Neglect by British authorities

"salutary/benign neglect"

- The period of FDR legislation that focused on "trickle-up" / "soak the rich" economics, Keynesian economics, increased regulation of business, and contained anti-business rhetoric

"Second" New Deal

- Paranoia caused by the Soviets' explosion of an atomic bomb, the rise of "Red China" under Mao Zedong, and the Alger Hiss trials.

"Shocks of '49"

- All-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat; military, economic, political, & social war; destruction of resources was vital

"Total war"

- American political and cultural attitude in the mid-19th century that supported ideas like "manifest destiny" & the expansion of democracy westward to distract Americans from slavery issue; formed as a political organization; advocated free trade, expansion southward into the territories, & support for republican movements abroad; became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s

"Young America" movement

- Movement that upheld the ideology that the U.S. was suffering disillusionment after WWII--> need for gov. to regulate behavior and restore Christian morality

(post-WWII) Conservative movement

- Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

13th Amendment (1865)

- Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; citizenship by birth & naturalization; prohibited state gov. from infringing on equal rights; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage

14th Amendment

- Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote b/c of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

15th Amendment

- The year when the first U.S representative assembly was established - House of Burgesses (Jamestown, Virginia)

1619

- Increase in non-English immigrants and fewer English immigrants; Scots-Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, Africans; poor move west for cheaper land

18th century immigration

- The year that contained a series of shocks; the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy; Tet Offensive; Prague Spring; Democratic convention riot; urban riots

1968

- Conservatives vs. liberals in media; conservative + "moral majority" determination to censor media content clashed with a liberal commitment to free speech and toleration for diversity in lifestyles.

1970s cultural divisions

- The decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

3/5 Compromise

- Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism.

9-11

- Militant effort to do away with slavery; began in the N in the 1700's; becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's; Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

Abolitionism

- Civil War: effective commander-in-chief, took advantage of Northern materials, destruction of Confederate armies; ignored parts of the Constitution

Abraham Lincoln's presidency (1861-1865)

- Known as "Seward's Folly"; early attempt to expand American power. Inspired by the early Manifest Destiny. Purchase made in 1867

Acquisition of Alaska

- Spain ceded Florida to US; established border between US and Spanish Mexico in 1819

Adams-Onis/Transcontinental Treaty

- This organization put limits on crop production in order to raise prices on agricultural goods to "parity" farm prices; farmers paid to limit production

Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA)

- Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

Al Smith

- Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military (defense), and other purposes; the plan was turned down at every colonial assembly and by the Crown.

Albany Plan of Union

- Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Alfred Thayer Mahan

- Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Alice Paul

- A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798)

Alien and Sedition Acts

- Society that thought slavery was bad; challenged slavery w/o challenging property rights of Southerners; would buy land in Africa & get free blacks to move there to establish their own country

American Colonization Society

- Led by Samuel Gompers; alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; focus was bread-and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

American Federation of Labor

- A period when 13 colonies gained independence from England. Based on disapproval by colonists of several taxes and other unpopular laws. Protests lead to fighting in 1775, and after two main British armies were captured in 1777 and 1781 and an alliance of the colonists with the French, the Treaty of Paris was signed.

American Revolution (1775-1783)

- More than 10 million Africans brought to Americas. This institution was lifelong and generational, racial based, economically profitable, and was abolished by the 13th amendment.

American Slavery

- United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts; a "robber barron," developed the steel industry; practiced vertical integration; believed in the "Gospel of Wealth"

Andrew Carnegie

- Attempted against President in 1868; power struggle b/t him and Congress; President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval & interfered w/ Congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency

Andrew Johnson Impeachment

- Economic philosophy that involved large tax cuts on corporate profits, personal incomes, and inheritance taxes (close cooperation between business and government).

Andrew Mellon's "trickle-down economics"

- Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God

Anne Hutchinson

- Migration into cities; largest in US history; majority Irish, then Germans b/c of widespread famine in their native countries

Antebellum mass immigration (1840's and 50's)

- Enlarged population due to largest immigration in US history; migration to cities b/c native farming classes forced off land due to changes in agriculture and immigrants; improved transportation, beginnings of industrialization

Antebellum urbanization

- Affected by the fugitive slave act after he became a fugitive in Massachusetts; was captured & tried; 1st person in the United States tried under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Anthony Burns incident

- This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, and control coinage

Articles of Confederation

- The controversy over whether or not it was justified to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of WWII; also involved the exclusion of USSR in the development process which ultimately led them to develop there own -> arms race

Atomic Bomb Controversy

- Colonial uprising that took place in 1676 in the Virginia colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. Virginians resented William Berkeley's friendly policy towards Native Americans. This was the first rebellion in American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part.

Bacon's rebellion

- Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

Bank War

- 16th Century Spanish Historian, Dominican Friar, "Protector of the Indians;" opposed atrocities by colonizers on Indigenous people

Bartolomeo de las Casas

- Turning points of Civil War in 1863; G: bloodiest battle where Lee's army never recovered from casualties; V: placed Mississippi River under control of Union & split Confederacy in 1/2

Battle of Gettysburg and Siege of Vicksburg

- A battle in 1815 between American and British troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an American victory

Battle of New Orleans

- Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Battle of Saratoga

- (April 1961) The failed invasion of Cuba by CIA- trained anti-Castro Cubans

Bay of Pigs Incident

- Sumner of Massachusetts criticized Bulter of S. Carolina in Senate--> Preston Brooks beat Sumner w/ cane--> angered Northerners

Beating of Charles Sumner

- Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Benjamin Franklin

- Spread Enlightenment ideals: need for scientific research, importance of education. Advocate of religious toleration; first "self-made man" ; only American to sign the three founding documents of the U.S (Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Paris, Constitution ; only founding father to be public anti-slavery advocate ; most democratic founding father; made the middle class individual an important factor in American society.

Benjamin Franklin Achievements

- Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city; increased tensions between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.

Berlin (Airlift) Crisis

- Seen as first event of post - WWII women's liberation POWERFUL IMPACT: did not cause revival of feminism, but gave voice to a rising movement

Betty Freidan's The Feminine Mystique

- Slogan describing TR's Roosevelt corollary. Comes from the phrase, "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." emphasis on military preparedness; willingness to use military force to achieve foreign policy goals.

Big Stick Diplomacy

- Impeached for perjury, suborning perjury, and obstruction of justice stemming from his affair with intern Monica Lewinsky; he was acquitted of all charges.

Bill Clinton's impeachment

- A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

Bill of Rights

- The attempts to desegregate the "citadel of segregation"; police chief Eugene "Bull' Connor used police dogs & fire hoses on non-violent protesters; King's "letter from a Birmingham Jail"; RESULT: desegregation partially achieved; use of these brutal tactics (shown on national television) created sympathy for civil rights movement ---> JFK's civil rights speech

Birmingham protests

- Laws passed in the South after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen & enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers; denied all blacks rights; guaranteed white supremacy

Black codes

- influence of Malcolm X ---> Stokely Carmichael & more militant SNCC ---. Black Panthers: Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver

Black Power Movement

- Calhoun presented this bill in 1817, 1.5 million bank funds to fund internal improvements; passed but vetoed by Madison in his last day in office

Bonus Bill

- Event when nearly 17,000 veterans marched on Washington in 1932, to demand the military bonuses that they had been promised; this group was eventually driven from their camp city by the U.S army; increased the public perception that the Hoover administration cared little about the poor.

Bonus March

- African American progressive who supported segregation & demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Booker T. Washington

- The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Massacre

- Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Boston Tea Party

- Rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead.

Boxer Rebellion

- Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Brigham Young

- "Separate but equal" in public school education is inherently unequal; thus, school segregation is unconstitutional

Brown Decision

- A show made by William Frederick Cody which reenacted famous frontier events and life in the west; justified American cause to take territory; desputed battles performed around the world; used Sitting Bull

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

- Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

Burr Conspiracy

- 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

California Gold Rush

- Illegal bombing of Cambodia -> Watergate Scandal

Cambodia Invasion

- Northern whites who moved to the South & served as Republican leaders during reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

- Conservative leader of the NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 and pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.

Carrie Chapman Catt

- Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women; an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms.

Catherine Beecher

- This refers to the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East.

Cattle Drives

- A historian who argued that the Constitution was designed to protect the economic self-interest of its framers. Beard's view is largely rejected by contemporary scholars

Charles Beard's Constitution thesis

- A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Charles Finney

- dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract, decided that public convenience takes precedence

Charles River Bridge Case

- A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

- Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

Chesapeake colonies

- A feud that occurred in 1807 when the US Chesapeake was stopped in the mid-Atlantic by the British Leopard ; led to British attacks ; ultimately led to the enforcement of the Embargo Act by Jefferson

Chesapeake-Leopard incident