AP CSP AP EXAM flashcards

Most Permissive CC Copyright License

CC-BY-NC-ND

Others can use, modify, and distribute your work as long as they give you credit

CC-BY

Others can use your work, but they can't modify it, and they must give you credit

CC-BY-ND

Others can use, modify, and distribute your work, but only for non-commercial purposes, and they must credit you

CC-BY-NC

Others can redistribute and reuse your licensed work, can also create remixes of it and must work under your conditions and credit you

CC-BY-SA

These protect brand names, logos, and slogans

trademarks

These exist to protect creative works like books, music, movies, art, etc

copyrights

Software that is made available to everyone to use modify and share is known as

open source

This refers to making research and academic work freely available

open access

Creative works that are available to the public as a whole

public domain

Base number of decimal system

10

How many digits are in the decimal system

10

What is the base of the hexadecimal system

16

How many digits/symbols are in the hexadecimal system

16

Base number of the binary system

2

How many bits make up a byte

8

Process of reducing file size

compression

Compression algorithm which cannot allow compressed files to be restored to its original state

lossy

Compression algorithm which allows restoration and for the most part maintains original quality of the file

lossless

Example of common lossy format for images

JPEG

Example of common lossless format for images

PNG

Example of lossy format for videos

MP4

Example of lossless format for videos

H.264

Example of lossy format for audio

MP3

Example of lossless format for audio

WAV

smallest unit of computing

bit

This type of graph displays parts of a whole.

pie chart

This graph uses dots for data points

scatter plot

relationship in which one variable affects the other, correlation does not always mean this

causation

A collection of data with several columns, variables, and rows is known as a what

dataset

process removing errors and inconsistencies in data without replacing its meaning, ex. removing capitalizations in same word, spelling errors, and abbreviations

cleaning data

in imputation, what replaces a missing value for a variable

the average

Arranging rows of a spreadsheet in this order can help spot duplicates

alphabetical order

This organizes data in rows and columns

table

data about data

metadata

the relationship in data sets

correlation

bias that occurs when data is not representative

sampling bias

origin or initial point where data is generated or collected

source

ability of a system to handle increasing amounts of work or data efficiently as it grows

scalability

processed raw data that has been given context and has patterns extracted from it

information

data represented by a continues infinite range of values

analog

scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices

citizen science

the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet

crowdsourcing

selecting a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by keeping only certain rows or columns in a table

filtering data

process of withdrawing or pulling out information

extraction

multiple computers or computer systems process parts of data from the same large data set at the same time to give results faster

parallel processing

a sequence of characters

string

a graphical representation of data

chart

the huge and complex data sets generated by today's sophisticated information generation, collection, storage, and analysis technologies

big data

to make known, to show, or prove

reveal

not seen or known

hidden

publicly available data shared by governments, organizations, and others to help others to use it to solve problems

open data

all the data collected in a particular study

data set

data graphed as a series of bars. Good for visualizing one column of data

bar chart

a graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data. Uses "buckets" to group data results

histogram

a visual representation of data for two variables (columns)

crosstab

Hyper Text Markup Language

HTML

red, green, and blue

RGB

specifies where the browser’s request should be sent, ex. www.sigmawebsite.com/rizz.html

domain

specifies exactly what file is being requested, ex. www.sigmawebsite.com/rizz.html

path

Cascading Style Sheets

CSS

most specific selector

id

Between Tag and Id in specificity

class

least specific selector

tag

Importance, Specificity, Order

cascade

Latest written rule applies

order (cascade)

a mistake in which the rules of the programming language are not followed

syntax error

a mistake that occurs during the execution of a program that ceases the execution

runtime error

a mistake in the algorithm or program that causes it to behave incorrectly or unexpectedly

logic error

a mistake that occurs when a computer attempts to handle a number that is outside of the defined range of values

overflow error

is the process of finding and fixing errors

debugging

recording an analog signal at regular discrete moments and converting them to a digital signal

sampling

a set of steps to do a task

algorithm

placeholders for values a program needs to use

variables

calculations to be evaluated to an answer or single value

expressions

either represented by a true or false value

boolean

a collection of items, such as a grocery list or a playlist of music

lists

always integers and are enclosed within square brackets

index

also called functions and serve as pre-defined instructions you make

procedures

values you can put inside procedures or functions to quickly use and manipulate information

parameters

procedures built in to the programming language

built-in procedures

when the number of bits is not enough to represent the number with full precision

roundoff error

when multiple people are working on a project, each person can work on a different part; divide and conquer

parallel programming

operator that returns the remainder

modulus

visual representation of the steps or sequence of operations in a process, algorithm, or program

flowchart

Problem

a general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm

Algorithm

a finite set of instructions that accomplish a task.

Sequencing

putting steps in an order.

Selection

deciding which steps to do next.

Iteration

doing some steps over and over

Efficiency

a measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm

Linear Search

a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked.

Binary Search

a search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated.

Reasonable Time

Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear, square, cube, etc.) are said to run in a reasonable amount of time.

Unreasonable Time

Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time.

Heuristic

provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible

Decision Problem

a problem with a yes/no answer (e.g., is there a path from A to B?)

Optimization Problem

a problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many (e.g., what is the shortest path from A to B?)

Undecidable Problem

a problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer

Sequential Computing

a model in which programs run in order, one command at a time.