Ecology Quiz

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31 Terms

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Soil Horizons in Order

O horizon

A horizon

E horizon

B horizon

C horizon

R horizon

Otter And Ermine Bake Cookies Regularly

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O horizon

Topmost layer of soil, composed of a high percentage of ORGANIC matter

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A horizon

Second layer of soil, darkened by the ACCUMULATION of organic matter and minerals

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E horizon

Layer of soil where leaching/ELUVIATION (removal) of clays, organic matter, iron, and aluminum occurs

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B horizon

Layer of soil transformed suBstantially by soil processes such as structure development and deposition of materials

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C horizon

Layer of soil that is minimally affected by soil formation processes

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R horizon

BedROCK

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3 types of soil weathering

Physical, chemical, biological

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Physical weathering

Breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces w/o changing their chemical composition

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Examples of physical weathering

Freeze-thaw cycles, abrasion, thermal expansion

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Chemical weathering

The alteration of the chemical composition of rocks, often due to reactions w/ water, oxygen, acids, or other chemicals

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Examples of chemical weathering

Oxidation (rusting), hydrolysis (clay), Carbonation (acid dissolves rocks)

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Biological weathering

Breakdown of rocks by living organisms

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Examples of biological weathering

Plant roots growing into cracks, production of organic acids by microbes or fungi

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The 5 components of soil

Minerals

Soil organic matter

Living organisms

Gas

Water

Monkeys Snuggle Lemurs Giggling Wildly

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Where is the majority of freshwater stored?

Frozen as ice in glaciers and ice caps

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What are the different zones of a freshwater body?

Littoral zone, Limnetic zone, Benthic zone

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What are the different trophic categories of freshwater bodies?

Oligotrophic, Mesotrophic, Eutrophic

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Littoral zone

Shallow, near-shore area of a freshwater body where light can reach bottom. Supports plant life (including algae) and a high variety of organisms (fish, insects, invertebrates)

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Limnetic zone

Open water zone of a freshwater body, typically further from shore. Deeper than the littoral zone, but light still reaches, allowing for photosynthesis. Supports plankton + some fish, but no rooted plants

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Benthic zone

Bottom layer of a freshwater body, including sediment and soil. Has benthic invertebrates (such as worms, snails and crustaceans). Plays a key role in nutrient cycling

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Oligotrophic

Freshwater body that is low in nutrients (usually N and P) leading to low productivity. Usually has clear water, low algal growth, and high oxygen levels

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Mesotrophic

Freshwater body that is moderately rich in nutrients with moderate productivity. Balanced between aquatic plant growth and clear water. Some algal growth, but generally maintains a good level of oxygen.

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Eutrophic

Freshwater body high in nutrients, leading to excessive productivity and plant growth (particularly algae). Results in low oxygen levels, murky water, and can lead to hypoxic/anoxic conditions, harming aquatic life.

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Spring tides

The sun and moon are in direct line with each other during new or full moons, resulting in extra high and extra low tides.

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Neap tides

The sun and moon are perpendicular to each other during 1st or 3rd quarters, resulting in less difference between tidal heights.

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Abiotic factors in marine ecosystems

Salinity, temperature, light availability, water pressure, nutrients, oxygen levels, ocean currents, pH, tides, and wave action

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Producers in marine ecosystems

Algae, phytoplankton, and seaweed

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Examples of marine adaptations

Buoyancy, osmoregulation to maintain salt balance, pressure adaptations, temperature adaptations, camoflage, light adaptations (such as bioluminescence)

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Biological Pump

Process by which carbon gets absorbed from atmosphere by ocean organisms and eventually reaches the deep ocean

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Organisms that begin the biological pump process

Phytoplankton that use CO2 for photosynthesis. The plankton die, produce waste, or are consumed and excreted as waste/the organism that consumed them dies, and the carbon in their organic material sinks to the bottom. Bacteria then break down the waste as they sink.