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Soil Horizons in Order
O horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
C horizon
R horizon
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O horizon
Topmost layer of soil, composed of a high percentage of ORGANIC matter
A horizon
Second layer of soil, darkened by the ACCUMULATION of organic matter and minerals
E horizon
Layer of soil where leaching/ELUVIATION (removal) of clays, organic matter, iron, and aluminum occurs
B horizon
Layer of soil transformed suBstantially by soil processes such as structure development and deposition of materials
C horizon
Layer of soil that is minimally affected by soil formation processes
R horizon
BedROCK
3 types of soil weathering
Physical, chemical, biological
Physical weathering
Breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces w/o changing their chemical composition
Examples of physical weathering
Freeze-thaw cycles, abrasion, thermal expansion
Chemical weathering
The alteration of the chemical composition of rocks, often due to reactions w/ water, oxygen, acids, or other chemicals
Examples of chemical weathering
Oxidation (rusting), hydrolysis (clay), Carbonation (acid dissolves rocks)
Biological weathering
Breakdown of rocks by living organisms
Examples of biological weathering
Plant roots growing into cracks, production of organic acids by microbes or fungi
The 5 components of soil
Minerals
Soil organic matter
Living organisms
Gas
Water
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Where is the majority of freshwater stored?
Frozen as ice in glaciers and ice caps
What are the different zones of a freshwater body?
Littoral zone, Limnetic zone, Benthic zone
What are the different trophic categories of freshwater bodies?
Oligotrophic, Mesotrophic, Eutrophic
Littoral zone
Shallow, near-shore area of a freshwater body where light can reach bottom. Supports plant life (including algae) and a high variety of organisms (fish, insects, invertebrates)
Limnetic zone
Open water zone of a freshwater body, typically further from shore. Deeper than the littoral zone, but light still reaches, allowing for photosynthesis. Supports plankton + some fish, but no rooted plants
Benthic zone
Bottom layer of a freshwater body, including sediment and soil. Has benthic invertebrates (such as worms, snails and crustaceans). Plays a key role in nutrient cycling
Oligotrophic
Freshwater body that is low in nutrients (usually N and P) leading to low productivity. Usually has clear water, low algal growth, and high oxygen levels
Mesotrophic
Freshwater body that is moderately rich in nutrients with moderate productivity. Balanced between aquatic plant growth and clear water. Some algal growth, but generally maintains a good level of oxygen.
Eutrophic
Freshwater body high in nutrients, leading to excessive productivity and plant growth (particularly algae). Results in low oxygen levels, murky water, and can lead to hypoxic/anoxic conditions, harming aquatic life.
Spring tides
The sun and moon are in direct line with each other during new or full moons, resulting in extra high and extra low tides.
Neap tides
The sun and moon are perpendicular to each other during 1st or 3rd quarters, resulting in less difference between tidal heights.
Abiotic factors in marine ecosystems
Salinity, temperature, light availability, water pressure, nutrients, oxygen levels, ocean currents, pH, tides, and wave action
Producers in marine ecosystems
Algae, phytoplankton, and seaweed
Examples of marine adaptations
Buoyancy, osmoregulation to maintain salt balance, pressure adaptations, temperature adaptations, camoflage, light adaptations (such as bioluminescence)
Biological Pump
Process by which carbon gets absorbed from atmosphere by ocean organisms and eventually reaches the deep ocean
Organisms that begin the biological pump process
Phytoplankton that use CO2 for photosynthesis. The plankton die, produce waste, or are consumed and excreted as waste/the organism that consumed them dies, and the carbon in their organic material sinks to the bottom. Bacteria then break down the waste as they sink.