bio part one

Abiotic

nonliving

Ecology

the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

Archive

with

Niche

an organism's job or role within its ecosystem

The Natural selection

survival of the fittest, will survive if can adapt and change to fit enviornment

1st law of thermodynamics

energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be converted (transferred or transformed) from one form to another

The Reproductive success

2nd law of thermodynamics

energy transfers always lose heat (energy) to the environment

Entropy

randomness

ΔG

free energy available to do work

Exergonic

energy released and spontaneous

Miller Urey Experiment

experiment that showed that organic compounds could form spontaneously from simple inorganic molecules under conditions of early earth

Endergonic

energy required and nonspontaneous

Protons

inside the valence shell, positive

Electrons

exist as a cloud of probability around the nucleus, move a lot

The Valence Shells

outermost energy shell thats chemically reactive

A Covalent Bond

sharing of electrons from different atoms that form electron pairs

A Nonpolar Covalent bond

electrons are shared equally between two atoms because they have the same or very similar electronegativity values

A Polar Covalent bond

where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to a difference in their electronegativity

A Ionic Bond

a bond that results from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

A Hydrogen Bond

bonds between partially charged molecules

A Peptide Bond

the amino acid monomers are joined in a special dehydration process, a reductive reaction that requires energy, bond between two amino acids

A Phosphodiester Bond

a bond between two ester groups linked by a phosphate group, happens when a 5’ C attacks the hydroxyl group on the 3’ C of another nucleotide

A Disulfide Bond

A Hydrophobic Interaction

a tendency of non-polar substances to aggregate together when in a polar solution

A Partial Charge

Cohesion

water molecules stick together

Moderation of temperature

Solvent

the dissolving agent, water is a good one

Hydrophilic

heads, do like water

Solute

the substance dissolved

Hydrophobic

tails, do not like water

Isomer

Cis

something located on the same side or same chromosome as another element

Trans

located on the opposite side as another element

The Functional Groups

key components of the nucleotide structure that give the molecule its chemical properties and allow it to perform its role in genetic information storage and transfer

Polymer

made of mini repeating monomers and forms long strong chains

Monomer

turns into polymer, is one unit

Carbohydrate

simplest unit is formed abiotically, found this in experiment, consist of the C, H, O

Monosaccharide

single sugar thats a carbohydrate

A Structural Polysaccharide

cellulose and chitin than are the major component of plant cell walls

A Metabolic Polysaccharide

A Fatty Acid

consisting of chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms and a carboxyl group

Lipid

a fatty acid

Saturated

has more fat, solid

Unsaturated

more liquid has lower melting point

Kinkiness Increases Fluidity

when a fatty acid in phospholipid has a double bond, unsaturated

Phospholipid

has two fatty acids, head and tail and composed of cell membranes

Nucleotide

can form abiotically, ribose, deoxyribose, A, G, C, T, U

Base

every nucliotide has one

Ribose

sugar molecule that forms the backbone of the nucleotide building blocks of the RNA chain

Deoxyribose

sugar that is a fundamental component of DNA, has one less oxygen

The Nucleic Acid

DNA and RNA made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Protein

better at synthesis than RNA, enzyme

An Amino Acid

A Peptide Bond

The Central Dogma

the different stages that the RNA systems went through

Rgroup

Catalyst

speeds up a reaction

Enzyme

a biological catalyst

Substrate

Reactant

Product

The Active Site

The Primary Structure

The Activation Energy

The Secondary Structure

structure in protein, has spontaneous structure and inherent to 1 sequence, has alpha and beta structure

α-helix

coils in the protein structure

The Tertiary Structure

structure in protein

β-sheet

arrows in the protein structure

The Quaternary Structure

structure in protein has two or more polypeptides

Ribozyme

enzyme for the RNA

Ribosome

bind messenger RNA and transfer it to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Replicase

catalyze the replication of RNA from an RNA template and are essential proteins encoded in the genomes of all RNA-containing viruses with no DNA stage

The RNA Polymerase

enzyme that connects nucleotides

Reactive Metal Surface

Vesicle

Micelle

Anticodon

The Base Pairing

5’ ➔ 3’

RNA and DNA always going in this direction

Antiparallel

the way that DNA and RNA have to be alined to base pair

Transcription

process of when RNA makes a copy of itself so the genetic information stored in DNA THAT can be used as protein synthesis

Promoter

a specific sequence of nucleotides that is recognized by RNA polymerase

Translation

Hairpin

loop around the mRNA that allows for base pairing and signals for termination

Elongation

Termination

The Local Unwinding

The Sigma Factor

The Start Codon

Dissociate

The Stop Codon

pauses in translations when one of three different of these appears in a site, will allow release factor to bind to the a site

SSU

Codon

what will base pair with a corresponding set of complementary bases on the RNA template

LSU

The Reading Frame

translation always starts at AUG for the first codon

E, P, and A sites

sites during translation for tRNA on a ribosome

The Release Factor

a protein that binds to a site that will cause the ribosome to add an h20 molecule to the end of the polypeptide, which causes it to be released from the whole ribosome

Oxygen

nonpolar