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what are alkanes?
organic compounds made up entirely with hydrocarbons, and have no degrees of unsaturation

1 carbon alkane
methane

2 carbon alkane
ethane

3 carbon alkane
propane

4 carbon alkane
butane

5 carbon alkane
pentane

6 carbon alkane
hexane

7 carbon atoms
heptane

8 carbon atoms
octane

9 carbon atoms
nonane

10 carbon atoms
decane

a halogen bonded to an sp3 carbon atom (no double bonds)
alkyl halide

unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one Carbon Carbon double bond
alkene

unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one Carbon Carbon triple bond
Alkyne

a hydroxide bonded to an sp3 carbon atom (no double bonds)
Alcohol

oxygen single bonded to two carbon chains (“sandwiched” in between two carbons)
ether

a sulfhydryl (SH) attached to the end of a molecule, on a carbon atom
Thiol

a sulfur atom “sandwiched” in between two carbon atoms, single bonded to two carbon chains
Sulfide

ring of sp2 carbons (alternating double bonds in the ring)
Aromatic

carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon chains (“sandwiched” in between two carbon atoms)
ketone

carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a carbon chain and a hydrogen atom (“sandwiched” between carbon and hydrogen atoms)
aldehyde

featuring a carboxyl group (-COOH), which is made up of a hydroxyl group (O-H) bonded to the carbon on a carbonyl group (C=O)
carboxylic acid

carbonyl group (C=O) which is bonded to a halogen via the carbon atom
Acyl halide

features two acyl groups (R-C=O), which connect as both of their carbon atoms form a single bond with an oxygen
Anhydride

an organic compound which contains a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded via the carbon to another oxygen, which is bonded to the remainder of the hydrocarbon molecule (the compound is “sandwiched” inside of the carbon chain)
ester

organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) which bonds to a nitrogen via the carbon atom. This is “sandwiched” between the rest of the molecule. Nitrogen is sp3 (single bonds only)
Amide

organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens in NH3 are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups (N bonded to carbon chain, potentially bonded to 1 or 2 hydrogens)
Amine