VN 106 Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Study Guide

What is the study of the structure of the human body called?

Anatomy

What term describes the study of the functioning of the human body?

Physiology

What is the focus of pathophysiology?

The study of the diseases of the human body.

What does the term 'proximal' refer to?

Nearest to the origin of the part.

What does 'distal' mean in anatomical terms?

Farthest from the origin of the part.

What is the ventral surface of the body?

The front surface of the body.

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

It divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.

What does the midsagittal plane do?

It equally divides the body into right and left halves.

What is the function of visceral organs?

They are internal organs, as opposed to external structures.

What is homeostasis?

The dynamic process of maintaining balance in the body.

What is the control center of the cell?

Nucleus.

What is the role of ribosomes?

Responsible for protein synthesis.

What maintains the cell's circulatory system?

Endoplasmic Reticulum.

What are the two types of cell division?

Mitosis for cell reproduction and meiosis for human reproduction.

What does connective tissue do?

Anchors and supports other body structures.

What is one function of the integumentary system?

Thermoregulation.

What are the appendages of the skin?

Hair, nails, and sebaceous (oil) glands.

What is the function of sudoriferous glands?

Associated with profuse sweating.

What layer of the epidermis is the horny top layer?

Stratum Corneum.

What happens in the stratum granularum?

Cells die.

Where does mitosis take place in the skin?

In the Stratum Basale (Basal Layer).

What are the functions of the bones in the skeleton?

Provide a framework, protect vital organs, produce red blood cells, and serve as attachment sites for muscles and tendons.

What is the primary difference between ligaments and tendons?

Ligaments attach bone to bone; tendons attach muscle to bone.

What is the name of the only movable bone in the skull?

Mandible.

What is kyphosis?

Forward curvature of the spine.

What type of muscle performs isotonic contractions?

Skeletal muscle.

What is the primary function of the liver?

Detoxifies food and produces bile.

What is the role of the gallbladder?

It stores bile.

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

Regulates the entry of food into the small intestine.

What is the major role of surfactant in the lungs?

Prevents collapse of the alveolar walls.

What does the pericardium do?

Surrounds and protects the heart.

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?

SA Node.

What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

Hypoxia is a decrease in oxygen in the lungs/tissues; hypoxemia is a decrease in oxygen specifically in the blood.

What role do lymphocytes play in the immune system?

They are involved in fighting infections.

What is the master gland of the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus.

What hormone does the pituitary gland produce for milk production?

Prolactin (PRL).

What is the function of glucagon?

Raises blood glucose.

What hormone is responsible for female secondary sex characteristics?

Estrogen.

What is the function of the nephron in the urinary system?

It is the functional unit of the urinary system.

What is the anterior fontanel in newborns?

The larger soft spot on a newborn's head.

What are the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom?

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale.

What type of immunity is acquired natural passive immunity?

Immunity received directly from the mother.

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Carries impulses from the retina to the brain.

What is a normal respiratory rate?

12 to 20 breaths per minute.

What is the function of alveoli in the lungs?

Gas exchange.

What does 'ventilation' refer to in respiration?

Movement of air from the external to internal environment.

What is one of the smallest bones in the body?

Stapes.

What are the three components of blood?

Erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).

What is the role of adrenaline released by the adrenal medulla?

Prepares the body for stress.

What does the glomerulus do in the nephron?

It filters blood to form urine.

What is pediculosis?

An infestation of lice.

What are the cranial nerves associated with parasympathetic activity?

Oculomotor, Facial, Vagus, and Glossopharyngeal.

What is the function of the eyeball's vitreous humor?

Maintains the shape of the eyeball.

How does the body regulate body temperature?

Thermoregulation through evaporation, conduction, radiation, and convection.

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin.

What is the role of thyroid hormones in metabolism?

They determine the rate of metabolism.

What is the anatomical term for the back surface of the body?

Dorsal.

What type of joint allows for the widest range of movement?

Ball and socket joint.

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum?

Connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Exocrine glands produce substances released outside the body; endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream.

What is the main component of cerebrospinal fluid?

Water, with nutrients and waste products.

What is the role of melanin in the skin?

It provides pigmentation.

What is homeostasis in the human body?

The maintenance of stable internal conditions.

What organ system does the prostate belong to?

Reproductive system.

What does the term 'distal' indicate in anatomy?

A position farthest from the origin of a part.

What substance is produced by the adrenal gland during stress?

Epinephrine.

What is the normal range of tidal volume?

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.

What are sensory receptors for vision located in the retina called?

Rods and cones.

What happens during miosis in a cell?

It is a process that reduces the chromosomes in half for gamete formation.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To filter waste and excess substances from the blood.

What is the role of the endolymph in the ear?

It transmits sound waves.

What is the main function of the gi tract's rugae?

Allows for distension and increases surface area.