World history unit 5

History test :'(

What was the Minoan civilization

the first Aegean civilization centered on the Island of Crete with its capital at Knossos

What was the Minoan civilization like?

* Women had a High Status
* Influential in Later Greek Culture
* Powerful Seafaring People- Dominated Trade
* Loved Sports! Bull Jumping, Wrestling, Boxing
* Linear A as the language

What did the palace at Knossos look like?

Open, more peaceful, had lots of art mostly containing bulls, had black and red columns

What is a possible end to the Minoan civilization?

Volcanic Explosion

What were the Myceneans like?

* Begin to trade with Minoans
* language- Linear B.
* **Began to build fortresses on the Peloponnesus**
* **City-States with citadels: fortified palaces centered on hills, civilians live outside the walls.** 
* **Warrior People:** 
* **Raiders/pirates**
* **Mercenaries** 
* **Conquerors (Crete)** 
* **Traders and merchants** 
* **Minoan Influence** 

What was the Mycenean involvement in the trojan war?

* c. 1250 possible trade war against Troy
* weakened strength of Kings at homeWH

What was Mycenae like?

* More war focused
* Had walls around the city
* Fortress was built on a hilltop

Who was Agamemnon and what did he do?

He was the king of Mycenae and commanded the Greeks during the trojan war

Dark Ages – Dorian Age
c. 1110-750 BCE

* **Everything decreased:**
* **food production** 
* **population** 
* **writing** 
* **art** 
* **Trade**
* **Dorians settled in Peloponnesus.**
* **Weak Kings ruled small territories with aristocratic councils (clans).**
* Homer’s poems revealed what life in the Dark Ages was like

What are the column names for the most simple, the somewhat simple and somewhat complex, and the fancy one

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (in order)

After Athens and Sparta were left weakened from the Peloponnesian War, THIS KING conquered Greece but passed away before he was able to conquer anything further.

Philip 2 of macedon

What was the capital of the Persian Empire established by Darius?

Persepolis

What is a famous Greek structure involving columns called?

The Parthenon

List the art eras and the differences between them.

Archaic - very simple people standing up straight

Classical- More movement, including people throwing things and sports “moment before movement”

Hellenistic- extremely detailed impressive sculptures and the wet drape style

What is a path associated with the Persian empire?

The Persian Royal Road

While greatly outnumbered in most battles, the Greeks were partially successful in the Persian Wars because of their use of __**this**__ formation pictured below

Phalanx

What led immediately to the Dark Ages in Greece, a time of reduced art, trade, and population growth. 

Dorian invasion

In the Republic, Plato believed that the best form of government is one ruled by …

Philosopher kings

Greek Mythology was often used to do what two things

1. Explain natural phenomena
2. Teach us morals and values

Why were the Olympics important for Greek Society, and even today?

Notable because even if these city-states were in conflict, they put down their arms for this competition

Why was Greek city-state unification difficult?

Because of their geography! Mountainous terrain physically prevented Greek unification, leading to different cultural city states.

He wanted to punish the Greeks for their support of the Ionian Revolt, thereby reigniting the war between Greece and Persia for the final time.

Xerxes

Which Polis is being discussed in this source?

“The ability to read and to write was important to their people – reading and writing was needed in order to be a citizen, and to carry out their duty. Their citizens needed a basic knowledge of reading and writing in order to be a member of the government. Education was made available by the government. Only male citizens were sent to school. There they would learn about poetry, literature, math, and science. It was all about preparing citizens to be in the government. Slaves were not awarded these same rights but did attain limited education in the household.”

Athens

What does the Acronym MOAT-D stand for?

Monarchy → Oligarchy → Aristocracy → Tyranny → Democracy

This system devised by Darius divided the Persian Empire into administrative districts, led by governors, that made life easier for the government and daily life. People were able to access their government easier if they needed anything, and the government was able to tax and rule the people easier.

Satrapies (Leaders are Satraps)

What did Cleisthenes do?

* Known as the “Father of Democracy,” he instituted democratic reforms in Athens that allowed male citizens to participate in government instead of a government that was simply ruled by a King or Emperor.


* Established a democratic court system with trial by jury.

This Philosopher was sentenced to death by Athens for “corrupting the youth.” He spent his time pushing us to question the basic assumptions we are taught in society, and to always ask questions of authority figures.

Socrates

What is an Oligarchy/Aristocracy?

Rule by wealthy individuals, they control the state’s resources and military. There are typically a small number of them.

What is one of Alexander the Great’s greatest legacy?

Spreading and blending cultures and ideas

One of Alexander the Great’s greatest legacy was the assimilation and blending of cultures within the boundaries of his Empire. This was known as the beginning of a new era, the spread of _______________ culture.

Hellenistic

Put the battles of the Persian Wars in order

Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, Platea

Battle of Marathon

Importance: myth of Persian invincibility is broken

occurred under Darius’s rule

Battle of Thermopylae

The Persians burn Athens to the ground.

Outcome: Persians win, but Persian army is delayed.

Important Consequence: this allows Greeks time to reorganize.

Battle of Salamis

Athenians fake retreat and lure Persians into the strait.
Athenian navy victorious

(This battle was fought in the water)

Battle of Platea

This was the final battle of the Persian War, a decisive Greek victory and the Persian Empire was never able to conquer Greece.

Order the following:

Athenian Golden Age
Dark Ages Greece
Macedonian Conquest
Mycenaean/Minoan Greece
Greco-Persian War
Peloponnesian War

Mycenaean/Minoan Greece
Dark Ages Greece
Greco-Persian War
Athenian Golden Age
Peloponnesian War
Macedonian Conquest

Skepticism

This Greek School of Thought teaches us to never take strong positions on political, moral, and social issues because they doubted the possibility of anyone knowing everything.

Stoicism

This Greek School of Thought was very influential on the later Romans, and taught logic, respecting the natural order of things, and the value in seeking a virtuous life.

Epicureans

Identified pleasure as the greatest good. By pleasure they did not mean unbridled hedonism but, rather, a state of quiet satisfaction that would shield them from the pressures of the Hellenistic world

Cyrus the great

* This Persian King is highly regarded in Hebrew culture because he freed the Jews during their Babylonian Captivity
* **Tolerant** Ruler
* He allowed conquered people to keep their leaders, religions, and other cultural practices.
* Cyrus the Great began the dynasty and wrote that he wanted to, *“Conquer the world.”*
* Formed the largest army the world had ever known
* Made Pasargadae the capital and his tomb was there

This Greek Scientist first theorized the atom was the singular entity that makes up all living beings

Democritus

This Athenian leader established a permanent, written, law code for Athens that helped solidify the power of the Aristocracy.

Draco

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(malfoy ?!?)

Plato’s philosophy pushes us to question the world around us, and notably, to consider what is truly meant by ‘beauty’, ‘truth,’ and even the ideal government. He discusses his theory of ‘Forms’ and these aforementioned ideas in THIS story.

Allegory of the Cave

What was Plato’s most famous book?

The Republic

This Greek Scientist reformed medicine by dedicating his medical texts and practices based directly on anatomy instead of religious or spiritual beliefs.

Hippocrates

What did Solon do?

This Athenian leader made citizen classes based on income not birth, thus allowing poorer classes a chance in holding power. His reforms helps transition Athens away from an Aristocracy towards a Democracy. He also cancelled debt and forbade debt slavery.

Known as the “Father of Tragedy” his plays and creation of this genre have influenced movies, art, theatre, and literature to this day.

Aeschylus

Socrates → Plato → _____________ → Alexander the Great

Aristotle

________ the Great began the _____________ Dynasty and set the stage for the rest of their Empire’s history by declaring that he wanted to, “Conquer the World.”

Cyrus, Achaemenid

Cleisthenes reformed this government body, composed of male citizens, that operated like a direct democracy. Many say that this government body officially made Athens a Democracy.

The Assembly

Who was Pisistratus?

* This Tyrant took power by force in Athens, but beloved by the Athenian people for his reforms that helped the lower classes, reduced taxation, and introducing festivals for the city.
* Helped the lower classes by exiling nobles, seizing their lands and giving them to the poor Provided new jobs for the poor

4 Overall Effects of the Persian War

* Increased sense of Greece Nationality and Unity (only temporary)
* Athenian Navy dominates the Aegean Sea, leading to greater colonization and wealth from trade which Sparta resents
* Athens enters a Golden Age and creates Democracy
* Creation of the Delian and Peloponnesian League which in turn further leads to the Peloponnesian War

The causes of the Peloponnesian war

* Many city-states resented growing Athenian power
* Especially when Athens became leader of Delian League
* To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies form the Peloponnesian League


* Both cities press for war as each thought they had the advantage-- **Athens = navy & Sparta = army**

Who was Pericles

* Leader during the golden age of Athens
* Supported the arts and the government paid for large scale public works, theaters, and monuments
* Extended gov. jobs to all free males in society
* Ostracism: Could expel a citizen for 10 years
* Pericles died in the Peloponnesian war and that ended the golden age

What is Important about the Peloponnesian War?

* Sparta wins (with some $$ from Persians)
* Ends Athenian Golden Age
* Democratic government suffers- Philosophers Start to Question
* Greece becomes vulnerable to Macedonian invasion.

Famous Greek historian that detailed the Persian War

Herodotus (Thucydides detailed the *Peloponnesus* war)

Socrates

* Question everything! 
* “Socratic Method”
* Sentenced to death by the state

Plato

* Allegory of the Cave (Forms)
* Question everything (from his teacher)
* Rule by Philosophers (Philosopher kings)
* *The Republic*

Aristotle

* Logic
* Taught Alexander the Great
* Founded Lyceum (hall for public discussions)

Philip II of Macedon’s legacy

* United Greece by force
* Cultural diffusion and syncretism of the places within his Empire
* Founded more than 20 significant cities, including Alexandria in Egypt

Hellenistic Era

* Time in between Alexander’s death (323 BC) and emergence of the Roman Empire (31 BC)
* Name derived from the name for Greece: Hellias 
* Period saw the rise of art, trade, literature, theatre, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science throughout Greece and the old Empire 

What is Athens after the Dark Ages

Athens emerges from a **monarchy** after the Dark Ages

What is an Oligarchy

Oligarchy is when wealthy hereditary nobles (landowners) control the military and state resources

What did Darius the Great do?

* Extended the Persian Empire from Egypt to India
* Invested in building and public works projects:
* notably building a **canal** in Egypt (Suez canal)
* Built the Capital of **Persepolis**
* Built the **Royal Road**
* Centralization! Connected the empire and made life easier for the Persian people
* Created a massive army and network of spies
* Established the __**Satrap system**__

What were Satraps and Satrapies?

* Satrapies were administrative districts within the Persian Empire, like states or counties
* Satraps were leaders of these districts
* These districts were established for localized and decentralized control and tax collecting
* Inspired the system established by the Greeks and possibly influencing the way many countries today set up their local and state governments

What is Zoroastrianism?

* Founded by Zarathustra / Zoroaster (Prophet)
* One of the oldest World Religions
* Dates: 6th Century B.C.
* Location: Middle East, notably Iran
* May have influence over Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (much older than them!)Message: “Good thought, good deeds, good word.”
* Dualistic battle of Good vs. Evil
* May be first religion to create the concept of a Heaven vs. Hell
* Ahura Mazda (good spirit) vs. Ahriman (bad spirit)
* The “Sacred Fire” (pictured below)
* Ethical Monotheism

Who was King Leonidas?

* A Spartan King that fought with his people
* In a story of Herodotus, portrayed as very loyal to his people and as being a good king

Who created the Delian League and who created the Peloponnesian League?

Athens-Delian

Sparta-Peloponnesian

Flip cards

😎

C

According to Homer, the Mycenaeans crafted a plan to hide their soldiers in a wooden horse to surprise attack this enemy civilization located here

W

This polis was victorious in the Peloponnesian War

D

The Delian League was led by the city-state located here.

G

Alexander the Great led the Macedonian people, which originated __**here**__. 

S

After the Persian War, Athenians freely colonized numerous territories in this body of water

L

(Mycenae!)

This structure, known as the Lion’s Gate, was built as an entrance to the city located here.

A

Sparta bravely defended Athens from the Persian Invasion, sacrificing their lives in order to successfully stall the Persians at this battle located here

D

Pericles created numerous public works projects, such as the Acropolis, and further reformed his government towards a more true Democracy in this city.

Q

The Ionian Sea

F

The people located here revolted against the Persians, and when Athens and Sparta supported this revolt the Persian War began…

D

The first battle of the Persian War was a surprise attack from King Darius I approximately located here.

G

The Dorians probably migrated from approximately here before they ‘invaded’ Greece

J

The Palace located here left behind many artifacts that tell us of a peaceful, artistic, wealthy, and sea-faring people that valued trade and the beauty in nature.

R

The naval battle located here was a genius ambush planned by the Athenians to draw in the Persian ships before soundly destroying them, demonstrating the might of the Athenian navy to the world.

W

The People located here valued strength, military might, hard work, and equality in society. They were often criticized for their aggressive military training for their youth.