Endocrine System multiple choice (ch.18)

The endocrine system....

A) directs long-term changes such as puberty and pregnancy.

B) involves glands that do not use ducts to transport their secretions.

C) regulates body activities through the production of hormones.

D) all of the above.

all of the above

The endocrine and nervous systems are similar in that....

A) they attempt to maintain homeostasis.

B) they release chemicals that bind to specific receptors on target cells.

C) they share many chemical messengers.

D) all of the above.

all of the above

Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in....

A) the length of their effect.

B) their means of transport.

C) that one has local effects and the other organismal effects.

D) all of the above.

their means of transport.

G-protein activation results in...

A) activation of phospholipase C, opening Ca channels.

B) activation of adenylate cyclase.

C) inhibition of adenylate cyclase and other cellular activities.

D) all of the above.

all of the above

Hormones alter cellular operations by...

A) modifying the rate of transcription of a particular enzyme.

B) stimulating the synthesis of a specific protein.

C) turning an existing enzyme on or off.

D) all of the above.

all of the above

The hypothalamus...

A) is the highest level of endocrine control.

B) integrates the activities of the endocrine and nervous systems.

C) secretes regulatory hormones.

D) all of the above.

all of the above

The region of the pituitary that releases seven hormones controlling various other endocrine organs and tissues is the ...

A) posterior pituitary.

B) infundibulum.

C) adenohypophysis.

D) pars nervosa.

adenohypophysis

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and is released at the ...

A) infundibulum.

B) anterior pituitary.

C) neurohypophysis.

D) pars intermedia.

neurohypophysis

Thyroxin is synthesized from the amino acid __________ and __________ ions.

tyrosine, iodine

The physiologically active thyroid hormone is...

A) thyroxin.

B) prealbumin.

C) triiodotyrosine.

D) thyroglobulin.

triiodotyrosine

The primary physiological effect(s) of thyroid hormones are...

A) to slow down the metabolic rate of target cells.

B) to increase the metabolic rate of target cells.

C) to burn calories.

D) both b and c.

both b and c

Calcitonin...

A) is released from the thyroid gland.

B) inhibits osteoclasts, leading to reduced levels of calcium in body fluids.

C) has an effect antagonistic to that of parathormone (PTH).

D) all of the above.

all of the above

Parathyroid hormone ...

A) increases calcium ion concentrations in the blood.

B) inhibits osteoclasts.

C) stimulates osteoblasts.

D) decreases calcium absorption.

increases calcium ion concentrations in the blood

The thymus gland ...

A) releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.

B) increases in size as we age and may compress the heart.

C) produces thymosin, which matures lymphocytes.

D) is found inferior to the heart.

produces thymosin, which matures lymphocytes

The adrenal gland...

A) release aldosterone and cortisol.

B) are made up of a cortex and medulla.

C) are found superior to the kidneys.

D) release androgens and epinephrine.

E) all of the above.

all of the above

The zona fasciculata ...

A) is nearest to the capsule.

B) is found deep to the cortex.

C) is one type of cell found in the pancreatic islets.

D) secretes glucocorticoids.

secretes glucocorticoids

The adrenal medulla secretes ...

A) epinephrine & norepinephrine.

B) mineralocorticoids.

C) sex hormones.

D) glucocorticoids

epinephrine & norepinephrine

The kidneys secrete ...

A) calcitriol.

B) renin.

C) erythropoietin.

D) all of the above.

all of the above

Calcitriol ...

A) stimulates bone deposition in body tissues.

B) stimulates calcium absorption by the digestive tract.

C) is secreted by the liver.

D) all of the above.

stimulates calcium absorption by the digestive tract

Atrial natriuretic peptide...

A) is secreted by the kidneys.

B) promotes ADH release.

C) promotes sodium ion loss and water loss.

D) increases blood pressure.

promotes sodium ion loss and water loss

(natriuretic [na: sodium] [-iuretic: diuretic])

Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete...

A) somatostatin.

B) insulin.

C) calcitriol.

D) glucagon.

glucagon

Glucagon...

A) lowers blood sugar.

B) increases glycogen production.

C) raises blood sugar.

D) all of the above.

raises blood sugar

Insulin...

A) lowers blood glucose.

B) stimulates glycogen production.

C) increases protein synthesis.

D) all of the above.

all of the above

The primary regulatory hormones of the reproductive system are...

A) testosterone and estrogen.

B) follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone.

C) calcitonin and calcitriol.

D) insulin and glucagon.

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

When two hormones have additive effects, we say they are...

A) integrative.

B) antagonistic.

C) permissive.

D) synergistic.

synergistic

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the nervous and endocrine systems?

A) Both share many chemical messengers. For example, epinephrine is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.

B) Both systems rely on the release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors on their target cells.

C) Both share a common goal of preserving homeostasis.

D) Both secrete the shared chemicals into the circulatory system for travel throughout the body.

Both secrete the shared chemicals into the circulatory system for travel throughout the body.

Which one of these is not one of the mechanisms by which G-proteins work?

A) Activation of adenylate cyclase and formation of cAMP

B) Inhibition of cellular activities through inhibition of cAMP production

C) Increased breakdown of cAMP through deactivation of phosphodiesterase

D) Activation of phospholipase C and opening of calcium ion channels

Increased breakdown of cAMP through deactivation of phosphodiesterase

Which of these improperly links terms and actions concerned with hormone effects?

A) Inositol triphosphate (IP3)—second messenger that triggers release of calcium ions from cell's reserves

B) Amplification—binding of hormone to receptor releases thousands of second messengers in cell

C) Cyclic GMP (cGMP)—one of the most important second messengers

D) Diacylglycerol (DAG)—protein that binds to calcium ions and activates cytoplasmic enzymes

E) Cyclic AMP (cAMP)—common second messenger that activates key enzymes

Diacylglycerol (DAG)—protein that binds to calcium ions and activates cytoplasmic enzymes

Which of the following would stimulate the production of thyroid-releasing hormone?

A) Increased levels of ATP production in the body

B) Higher-than-normal body temperature

C) Increased levels of T3 and T4 in blood

D) Lower-than-normal body temperatures

E) None of the above

Lower-than-normal body temperatures

Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning the pineal gland?

A) It releases melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

B) The hormone released by the pineal gland is secreted primarily at night.

C) Its hormone may inhibit reproductive activity.

D) An overproduction in the hormone produced by the pineal gland can cause seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

It releases melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

Which one of these statements is not true about the thymus and its endocrine functions?

A) Thymosin promotes development and maturation of lymphocytes.

B) The thymus is largest relative to the body size in a teenager.

C) Thymic hormones are important in development and maintenance of normal immunological defenses.

D) All the thymic hormones in a thymic extract are referred to as thymosins.

The thymus is largest relative to the body size in a teenager.

Which of these improperly links the hormones of the adrenal gland with its functions?

A) Epinephrine—increased blood pressure and cardiac activity

B) Glucocorticoids—promote liver glycogen and glucose formation

C) Aldosterone—increases sodium and water reabsorption from urine

D) Glucocorticoids—promote peripheral utilization of lipids

E) Androgens—anti-inflammatory effects in both sexes

Androgens—anti-inflammatory effects in both sexes

Which of the following statements is false concerning erythropoietin?

A) It stimulates the production of red blood cells.

B) It stimulates the absorption of iron across the digestive tract.

C) It is produced in response to low oxygen in kidney tissues.

D) It is released in the kidneys.

It stimulates the absorption of iron across the digestive tract.

hich of these does not properly link areas and products of the pancreas?

A) Endocrine pancreas—hormones

B) Exocrine pancreas—digestive enzymes

C) Delta cells—pancreatic polypeptide

D) Islets of Langerhans—endocrine secretions

Delta cells—pancreatic polypeptide

Which one of these statements concerning cells that produce hormones of the reproductive systems is not correct?

A) Testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes.

B) Progesterone is produced by the follicular cells of the corpus luteum.

C) Estrogens are produced by follicular cells of the ovary under stimulation by FSH and LH.

D) Inhibin is produced by the placenta and helps relax the uterus at delivery.

Inhibin is produced by the placenta and helps relax the uterus at delivery.

Which of these endocrine malfunctions is not properly associated with the causative hormone?

A) Diabetes mellitus—insufficient insulin or reduced insulin activity

B) Gigantism—excessive growth hormone

C) Diabetes insipidus—insufficient antidiuretic hormone

D) Adrenogenital syndrome—insufficient androgens in males

E) Pituitary growth failure—insufficient growth hormone

Adrenogenital syndrome—insufficient androgens in males

Which one of these does not properly link a hormone with its effects on growth?

A) Insulin—normal deposition of calcium in bone formation

B) Growth hormone—normal protein synthesis for muscular and skeletal development

C) Thyroid hormones—normal mental development in infants

D) Gonadal hormones—differences in secondary sexual characteristics

Insulin—normal deposition of calcium in bone formation

Which one of these hormones has the greatest effect on behavior?

A) Insulin

B) Calcitonin

C) Sex hormones

D) Growth hormone

Sex hormones

Which region of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A) Neurohypophysis

B) Zona fasciculata

C) Beta cells

D) Cortex

E) Medulla

Medulla

A patient is brought into the emergency room with very low blood pressure and irregular electrolyte levels (sodium and potassium). Which region of the adrenal gland directly or indirectly is causing these signs and symptoms?

A) Hypersecretion by the zona glomerulosa

B) Hypersecretion by the zona fasciculata

C) Hypersecretion by the zona reticularis

D) Hyposecretion by the zona glomerulosa

Hyposecretion by the zona glomerulosa