10th U.S History Final Exam

The Marshall Plan was designed primarily to…

Provide economic assistance to European nations to prevent the spread of communism

The 1957 launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union led to what U.S. response?

The creation of NASA and increased funding for science education

The primary purpose of the Berlin Wall, built in 1961, was to

Stop East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin

Which of the following was a result of the Red Scare and Lavender Scare in the 1950s?

Widespread paranoia about communist and LGBTQ+ individuals in government positions

The Kitchen Debate between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev highlighted:

The ideological competition between capitalism and communism in daily life

The Tet Offensive of 1968 was significant because it

Weakened public support for the Vietnam War in the United States

The policy of Vietnamization was designed to:

Gradually withdraw U.S. forces and transfer combat responsibility to South Vietnamese troops

Which action by the United States helped resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962?

A naval blockade and negotiations to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey

The fall of China to communism in 1949 led to which major U.S. foreign policy shift?

. Increased U.S. support for containment policies in Asia

The failed Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt by the United States to

Remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba

The Pentagon Papers, leaked in 1971, revealed

The U.S. government had misled the public about the Vietnam War's progress

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident in 1964 led to:

Increased U.S. military involvement in Vietnam

What was the outcome of the Fall of Saigon in 1975

North Vietnam successfully unified Vietnam under communist rule

What was the immediate U.S. response to North Korea's invasion of South Korea in 1950?

President Truman ordered military support under the UN's banner

The U.S. and its allies responded to the Berlin Blockade in 1948 by

Airlifting food and supplies to West Berlin for nearly a year

Which of the following was a direct result of the Apollo Program

The first human landing on the Moon in 1969

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, and sex in public accommodations and employment.

The brutal murder of Emmett Till in 1955 was significant because

His open-casket funeral and media coverage galvanized the civil rights movement.

Title IX of 1972 is most associated with

Expanding women's rights in education and athletics

Bloody Sunday" in Selma (1965) led to

The passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Stonewall Riots in 1969 were significant because they

Marked the beginning of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was sparked by

Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat.

The book And the Band Played On (1987) was influential because it

Exposed government inaction in responding to the AIDS crisis

The Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned which earlier precedent?

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Birmingham March in 1963 is best remembered for

The violent response of police using dogs and fire hoses on student protesters.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 sought to eliminate

Literacy tests and other barriers to voting for African Americans

The Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) was important because it

Require businesses and public spaces to accommodate people with disabilities.

The urban riots of 1967 were primarily caused by

Racial tensions, economic inequality, and police brutality.

The Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia (1967) ruled that

Laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963 is best known for

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.

Which of the following was a major consequence of President John F. Kennedy's assassination?

Lyndon B. Johnson used national mourning to push for major reforms.

The Black Power Movement differed from earlier civil rights activism in that it

Promoted racial pride, self-defense, and Black nationalism.

In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush referred to which countries as the "Axis of Evil"?

Iraq, Iran, and North Korea

President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) aimed to

Develop a missile defense system to protect the U.S. from nuclear attacks

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, led to

The creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the War on Terror

Which of the following contributed most to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?

Economic stagnation and political reforms under Mikhail Gorbachev

The Tiananmen Square protests in China were largely motivated by

Demands for democratic reforms and greater political freedoms

The OPEC oil embargo of 1973 was a response to

The U.S. support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War

The USA PATRIOT Act was controversial because it

Expanded government surveillance powers to combat terrorism

The U.S. responded to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by

Providing military aid to Afghan resistance fighters (Mujahideen)

Which of the following was a major global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic

Economic disruptions and widespread health crises worldwide

The 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait led to

The Persian Gulf War, in which a U.S.-led coalition forced Iraq to withdraw

The Iran Hostage Crisis began when

The U.S. embassy in Tehran was stormed by militants demanding the return of the Shah

What was the primary goal of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA

To eliminate trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico

the Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995 was carried out by

A domestic terrorist motivated by anti-government sentiment

A major justification for the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 was

The belief that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)

President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China was significant because it

Improved diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China, weakening Soviet influence

The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was primarily justified by

The Taliban's refusal to surrender Osama bin Laden

The Contract with America, promoted by Newt Gingrich and Congressional Republicans in 1994, aimed to

Reduce government spending, cut taxes, and implement welfare reform.

The Reagan Revolution of the 1980s emphasized

Reducing government regulation, cutting taxes, and increasing military spending.

The counterculture movement of the 1960s was characterized by

Rejection of mainstream society, opposition to the Vietnam War, and an emphasis on peace and personal freedom.

Medicare and Medicaid, established in 1965, were designed to

Offer health insurance for the elderly and the poor.

The Free Speech Movement, which began at the University of California, Berkeley in 1964, was a response to

Restrictions on students' rights to protest political issues on campus.

The Interstate Highway Act of 1956 was primarily justified as a

National defense measure to facilitate troop movement and evacuation in case of nuclear attack

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963) is credited with

Criticizing the glorification of traditional domestic roles for women and sparking the second-wave feminist movement.

The G.I. Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) primarily helped returning World War II veterans by

Offering benefits such as college tuition assistance, low-interest home loans, and job training

The approval of the birth control pill in 1960 was significant because

It contributed to the sexual revolution and increased women's control over reproductive choices.

The Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona (1966) established that

Police must inform suspects of their rights, including the right to remain silent.

The Watergate scandal led to

Reforms to check executive power and the rise of an "adversarial" press corp

President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs sought to

Eliminate poverty and racial injustice through expanded social programs.

Levittown became a symbol of post-World War II suburbanization because

It provided affordable, mass-produced housing for returning veterans and middle-class families.

Dr. Benjamin Spock's book Baby and Child Care (1946) influenced American parenting by

Promoting more permissive, nurturing, and child-centered parenting

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) had a major impact by

Exposing the dangers of pesticide use and sparking the modern environmental movement.

The Financial Crisis of 2008 was triggered primarily by

A collapse in the housing market due to risky mortgage lending and financial speculation

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

a military doctrine and national security policy that suggests a nuclear attack by one nation on another would inevitably lead to the complete destruction of both parties (if you attack, I attack)

Containment

Preventing the expansion of hostile power or ideology, often used to counter communism

First Strike

An attack that is used to hurt/stall the enemy and their ability to retaliate It involves targeting the enemy's nuclear arsenal, including missile silos, launch facilities, and command centers. A successful first strike would aim to prevent the enemy from launching their own nuclear weapons in response. (e.g the soviet union tartgeted colleges/universities, high population areas, military areas, transportation hubs etc.)

Massive Retaliation

a military doctrine and nuclear strategy where a state commits to responding to an attack with a disproportionately larger force, often nuclear weapons

Ground Zero (stage 1)

The point on the earths surface directly above, below, or at which an explosion occurs, particularly a nuclear explosion

Heat Flash (stage 2)

Intense and radiant heat and light are emitted immediately after detonation, causing flash burns and igniting fires. It can cause burns and damage.

High Winds/Shockwave (stage 3)

Shockwave energy: energy that will destroy anything in its path, causes pressure change that can knock down buildings and crush things, high winds damage air and objects

Radiation/Fallout (stage 4)

Radiation of the aftereffects of the bomb will burn through skin, cause cancer, or even death. Contaminants in the environment (water, animals, plants etc.)

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) (stage 5)

Fries curcuit boards of anything electronic, caused by nuclear blast

The Johnson Treatment

Used proximity and physical presence to order a "yes" to trap them so that they continue to support his policy. Used his phsysical presence to bully people into supporting his circumstances, by embarrassing others around him, he is more likely to get concessions out of them.

Dejure segregation

Segregation that is legally enforced or mandated by law

Defacto segregation

Racial segregation that exists in reality (socially, culturally etc.) even if not mandated by law

purpose of boycotts

to put economic pressure on businesses, and to challenge both racial discrimination and segregation

Purpose of sit-ins

involved occupying segregated spaces to demand service, disrupting business, and highlighting racial maltreatment

The purpose of the March on Washington

made to put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act

The purpose of "i have a Dream speech"

argues that the passing of the Civil Rights Act is "part of the American experience."

Purpose of JFK's speech at the Great Wall

made to prove the point that we can support the x-nazi, we can also support the African Americans in their own country

purpose of birmingham march

shows nonviolent protests in a very historically violent city to put pressure on buinesses to desegregate public facilities