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70 Terms

1
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Sexual reproduction has an advantage over asexual reproduction by ____.​

 

a. 

​requiring an interaction between two individuals

 

b. 

creating more genetic diversity​

 

c. 

ensuring a greater number of progeny​

 

d. 

keeping the number of chromosomes constant more effectively​

 

e. 

allowing for the production and use of gametes​

b

2
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Sexual reproduction involves ____.​

 

a. 

​one diploid cell fertilizing a haploid cell

 

b. 

the union of two somatic cells​

 

c. 

the union of male and female gametes​

 

d. 

a single mitotic division of the parent cell to produce a daughter cell​

 

e. 

the union of two gametes to produce a haploid zygote​

c

3
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Egg and sperm cells are ____.​

 

a. 

​sporophytes

 

b. 

gametes​

 

c. 

gametophytes​

 

d. 

diploid​

 

e. 

somatic cells​

b

4
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Human diploid cells have ____ chromosomes while human gametes have ____ chromosomes.​

 

a. 

​46; 23

 

b. 

23; 46​

 

c. 

96; 48​

 

d. 

48; 96​

 

e. 

46; 92​


a

5
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Homologous chromosomes ____.​​

 

a. 

​are found in somatic cells and gametes

 

b. 

align along the equatorial plane during metaphase II​

 

c. 

are replicated during interkinesis​

 

d. 

contain a maternal and paternal chromosome​

 

e. 

are preserved in each daughter cell produced by meiosis​

d

6
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Which statement describes a difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?​

 

a. 

​DNA is replicated during meiosis II but not during meiosis I.

 

b. 

Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I; sister chromatids separate during meiosis II.​

 

c. 

Meiosis I produces diploid cells; meiosis II produces haploid cells.​

 

d. 

Chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell in meiosis I but not in meiosis II.​

 

e. 

Crossing-over occurs during meiosis II but not during meiosis I.​

b

7
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For humans, which parent’s gamete will determine the sex of the child?​

 

a. 

​The father, because his gametes only contain the Y chromosome.

 

b. 

The mother, because her gametes only contain the X chromosome.​

 

c. 

The father, because his gametes can contain either the X or Y chromosome.​

 

d. 

The mother, because her gametes can contain either the X or Y chromosome.​

 

e. 

Either parent, because the random mixing of gametes determines the sex of the child.​

c

8
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 The chromosome number is halved by ____ and restored by ____.​

 

a. 

​independent assortment; meiosis

 

b. 

mitosis; meiosis​

 

c. 

meiosis; mitosis​

 

d. 

meiosis; fertilization​

 

e. 

​mitosis; fertilization


d

9
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The formation of gametes is called ____.​

 

a. 

​gametogenesis

 

b. 

mitosis​

 

c. 

​gametosis

 

d. 

​fertilization

 

e. 

reproduction​

a

10
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Alleles are ____.​

 

a. 

​sex chromosomes

 

b. 

somatic cells​

 

c. 

​crossover sites

 

d. 

​attachment sites for microtubules

 

e. 

​different versions of the same gene

e

11
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Meiosis occurs in the ____.

 

a. 

​testes only

 

b. 

​ovaries only

 

c. 

somatic cells​

 

d. 

synaptonemal complex​

 

e. 

gonads​

e

12
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During prophase I of meiosis, each chromosome consists of ____.​

 

a. 

​one single-stranded DNA molecule

 

b. 

two sister chromatids​

 

c. 

one sister chromatid​

 

d. 

four sister chromatids​

 

e. 

one double-stranded DNA molecule​

b

13
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A homologous chromosome pair is best described as two chromosomes having ____.

 

a. 

​the same genes in the same order but possibly having different alleles of those genes

 

b. 

the same alleles of the same genes in the same order​

 

c. 

the same alleles of the same genes in a different order​

 

d. 

different alleles of the same genes arranged in a different order​

 

e. 

identical DNA sequences​

a

14
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The daughter cells produced by meiosis are ____.​

 

a. 

​identical to the parent but genetically different from each other

 

b. 

​identical to each other but genetically different from the parent

 

c. 

​genetically different from the parent and each other

 

d. 

​genetically identical to the parent and each other

 

e. 

​genetically different from each other but with the same chromosome number as the parent


c

15
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Which meiotic phase is matched with the mitotic phase it most closely represents?​

 

a. 

​anaphase I and anaphase

 

b. 

anaphase II and anaphase​

 

c. 

metaphase I and metaphase​

 

d. 

interkinesis and telophase​

 

e. 

metaphase II and prophase​

a

16
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 ​DNA replication occurs ____.

 

a. 

​during interphase before meiosis

 

b. 

during prophase I of meiosis​

 

c. 

​during prophase II of meiosis

 

d. 

​between meiosis I and meiosis II

 

e. 

​during interkinesis

a

17
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If the diploid number of chromosomes in mouse somatic cells is 40, how many chromosomes are present during prophase I?​

 

a. 

​40, each comprised of a single paternal or maternal chromosome

 

b. 

80, each comprised of a pair of homologous chromosomes​

 

c. 

20, each comprised of a single sister chromatid​

 

d. 

80, each comprised of a single sister chromatid​

 

e. 

40, each containing a pair of sister chromatids​

e

18
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If a normal diploid germ cell in a bird has eight chromosomes, then ______.​

 

a. 

​there are eight homologous pairs of chromosomes per diploid germ cell

 

b. 

there are eight chromatids per diploid germ cell after DNA replication​

 

c. 

there are four chromosomes per cell after the first meiotic division and cytokinesis​

 

d. 

there are eight chromosomes in the sperm cells made from this diploid germ cell​

 

e. 

there are eight copies of each chromosome in this diploid germ cell​

c

19
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Synapsis refers to the ____.​

 

a. 

​crossing-over between homologous chromosomes

 

b. 

alignment of homologous chromosomes along the equatorial plane​

 

c. 

alignment of sister chromatids along the equatorial plane​

 

d. 

pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I​

 

e. 

pairing of sister chromatids during prophase II​

d

20
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Homologous chromosomes undergo recombination during ____.​

 

a. 

​prophase II

 

b. 

metaphase I​

 

c. 

metaphase II​

 

d. 

both prophase I and II​

 

e. 

​prophase I


e

21
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Sister chromatids ______.​

 

a. 

​are separated during anaphase I

 

b. 

have different alleles for the same genes​

 

c. 

are replicated before meiosis I and II​

 

d. 

are replicated before meiosis II​

 

e. 

have identical DNA sequences​

e

22
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Which stage of meiosis is characterized by DNA condensation into compact chromosomes?​

 

a. 

​prophase II

 

b. 

anaphase I​

 

c. 

prophase I​

 

d. 

prometaphase I​

 

e. 

metaphase I​

c

23
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During telophase I, ____.​

 

a. 

​chromosomes condense

 

b. 

chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell​

 

c. 

nuclear envelopes form in some species but not in others​

 

d. 

​homologous chromosomes separate

 

e. 

tetrads form​

c

24
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What is the difference between sister chromatids before and after anaphase II?​

 

a. 

​Before anaphase II, the sister chromatids are separate; after anaphase II, the sister chromatids join and form a chromosome.

 

b. 

​Before anaphase II, the sister chromatids form a single chromosome; after anaphase II, each sister chromatid is an individual chromosome.

 

c. 

​Before anaphase II, each sister chromatid is an individual chromosome; after anaphase II, the sister chromatids form a single chromosome.

 

d. 

​Before anaphase II, the sister chromatids form a single chromosome; after anaphase II, the sister chromatids become homologous chromosomes.

 

e. 

​There is no difference; they are still together as a single chromosome.

b

25
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Sex chromosomes are ____.​

 

a. 

​completely different between the two sexes

 

b. 

partially homologous but also have unique regions​

 

c. 

​found only in males

 

d. 

unable to line up properly at the metaphase plate​

 

e. 

completely homologous but always have different alleles​

b

26
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Nondisjunction during meiosis I results in ____.​

 

a. 

​the generation of an extra daughter cell

 

b. 

a change in the status of a daughter cell from diploid to haploid​

 

c. 

a change in the status of a daughter cell from haploid to diploid​

 

d. 

one pole of the cell receiving neither member of a homologous pair of chromosomes​

 

e. 

a gamete that cannot fuse with another gamete​

d

27
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Which statement describes a difference between human male and female somatic cells?​

 

a. 

​Male somatic cells contain only paternal chromosomes; female somatic cells contain only maternal chromosomes.

 

b. 

Male somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes; female somatic cells contain 44 chromosomes.​

 

c. 

Male somatic cells contain 44 chromosomes; female somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes.​

 

d. 

Male somatic cells contain two X chromosomes; female somatic cells contain an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.​

 

e. 

Male somatic cells contain 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes; female somatic cells contain 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.​

e

28
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Meiosis produces ____.​

 

a. 

​four haploid cells

 

b. 

two diploid cells​

 

c. 

two diploid cells and two haploid cells​

 

d. 

four diploid cells​

 

e. 

one haploid and three diploid cells​


a

29
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Which statement describes chromosomes?​

 

a. 

​Chromosomes are always spread out as chromatin.

 

b. 

Chromosomes are always condensed.​

 

c. 

​Homologous chromosomes have the same genes but can have different alleles.

 

d. 

​Homologous chromosomes always have the same alleles.

 

e. 

​Chromosomes always consist of two sister chromatids.

c

30
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If both chromatids of a sister-chromatid pair are found in one daughter cell, what has likely occurred?​

 

a. 

​improper replication of DNA

 

b. 

failure of maternal and paternal chromosomes to separate​

 

c. 

nondisjunction during meiosis I​

 

d. 

nondisjunction during meiosis II​

 

e. 

an error during crossing-over​


d

31
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Which statement correctly describes the X and/or Y chromosomes?

 

a. 

​The X and Y chromosomes are completely homologous.

 

b. 

The Y chromosome determines the sex of the individual.​

 

c. 

The Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome.​

 

d. 

The Y chromosome is found in both males and females.​

 

e. 

The X chromosome only comes from the father.​

b

32
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 ​In meiosis, sister chromatids ____.​

 

a. 

​separate before DNA replication

 

b. 

separate before crossing-over​

 

c. 

separate during anaphase I​

 

d. 

separate during anaphase II​

 

e. 

​never separate; sister chromatids do not separate in meiosis.

d

33
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In a frog in which the diploid number of chromosomes per cell is 24, what is the total number of chromatids present during prophase I?

 

a. 

​4

 

b. 

6​

 

c. 

12​

 

d. 

24​

 

e. 

48​

e

34
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In a frog in which the diploid number of chromosomes per cell is 24, what is the total number of chromatids present per cell in prophase II after the first division and cytokinesis?​

 

a. 

​0

 

b. 

6​

 

c. 

​12

 

d. 

​24

 

e. 

​48

d

35
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A zygote is formed ____.​

 

a. 

​after a fertilized egg undergoes mitotic divisions to mature

 

b. 

by the fusion of male and female somatic cells​

 

c. 

by the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei​

 

d. 

directly by meiosis in fungi​

 

e. 

by the mitotic divisions of spores in plants​

c

36
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 In females, meiosis begins ____ while in males meiosis begins ____.​

 

a. 

​before birth; after birth

 

b. 

at puberty; before birth​

 

c. 

at birth; before birth​

 

d. 

at puberty; after birth​

 

e. 

before birth; before birth​

a

37
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Retinoic acid ____.​

 

a. 

​causes germ cells in male embryos to enter meiosis

 

b. 

causes germ cells in female embryos to enter meiosis​

 

c. 

prevents germ cells in male embryos from entering meiosis​

 

d. 

prevents germ cells in female embryos from entering meiosis​

 

e. 

affects entry into mitosis but not meiosis​

b

38
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Koopman’s research on mouse meiosis revealed ____.​

 

a. 

​a meiosis promoting gene

 

b. 

a meiosis inhibiting gene promotes retinoic acid production​

 

c. 

that retinoic acid prevents meiosis​

 

d. 

Cyp26b1 gene expression in embryonic testes but not ovaries​

 

e. 

germ cells form later in male mice that lack the Cyp25b1 gene​

d

39
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The CYP26B1 protein is closely related in humans, mice, rats, and zebrafish. What does this likely indicate about its role in germ cell development?​

 

a. 

​CYP26B1does not regulate germ cell development.

 

b. 

CYP26B1regulates germ cell development in humans and rats but not in mice and zebrafish.​

 

c. 

CYP26B1's role in regulating germ cell development is conserved.​

 

d. 

CYP26B1's role in regulating germ cell development varies largely among species.​

 

e. 

It is impossible to draw any conclusions from this finding.​

c

40
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Which structure holds homologous chromosomes tightly together and supports them as they undergo recombination?​

 

a. 

​kinetochore

 

b. 

centromere​

 

c. 

microtubules​

 

d. 

spermatozoa​

 

e. 

synaptonemal complex​

e

41
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Recombination at the synaptonemal complex always results in ____.​

 

a. 

​two changed and two unchanged chromatids

 

b. 

four unchanged chromatids​

 

c. 

four changed chromatids​

 

d. 

a random number of changed vs. unchanged chromatids​

 

e. 

one unchanged and three changed chromatids​


a

42
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Crossing-over during meiosis ____.

 

a. 

​holds homologous pairs of chromosomes together

 

b. 

produces chromosomes consisting of two identical sister chromatids​

 

c. 

produces daughter nuclei with too much or too little genetic material​

 

d. 

creates chromosomes containing both paternal and maternal genes​

 

e. 

ensures that the developing zygote receives cytoplasm from one of the parents​

d

43
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By itself, independent assortment of chromosomes increases the likelihood that individual daughter cells have ____.​

 

a. 

​some paternal chromosomes and some maternal chromosomes

 

b. 

only paternal chromosomes​

 

c. 

​only maternal chromosomes

 

d. 

​chromosomes containing genes from both paternal and maternal chromosomes

 

e. 

​different numbers of chromosomes

a

44
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When two pairs of homologous chromosomes join for crossing-over, the complex is called a ____.​

 

a. 

​kinetochore

 

b. 

centromere​

 

c. 

sister chromatid​

 

d. 

tetrad​

 

e. 

chiasmata​

d

45
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If a species has 42 pairs of chromosomes, how many maternal and paternal chromosome combinations are possible during independent assortment?​

 

a. 

​422

 

b. 

242​

 

c. 

221​

 

d. 

212​

 

e. 

842​

b

46
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Identical twins can result from ____.​

 

a. 

​the fusion of two sets of identical gametes

 

b. 

a division of a zygote into two separate cells that develop into two separate embryos​

 

c. 

the fusion of two paternal gametes with a single maternal gamete that then divides​

 

d. 

a lack of chromosomal separation during meiosis resulting in gametes that are diploid​

 

e. 

a mechanism that is not understood​

b

47
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The process of fertilization joins male and female gametes ____.​

 

a. 

​randomly

 

b. 

that contain a greater number of paternal chromosomes​

 

c. 

that contain a greater number of maternal chromosomes​

 

d. 

with the fewest mutations​

 

e. 

with the best adaptive traits​

a

48
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Chiasmata form during which phase of meiosis?​

 

a. 

​prophase I

 

b. 

metaphase I​

 

c. 

telophase I​

 

d. 

​prophase II

 

e. 

​metaphase II

a

49
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Two genes (A and B) are located on each of two pairs of homologous chromosomes. In a tetrad, one sister chromatid contains alleles ab, while the other sister chromatid contains alleles AB (upper and lower case indicate different alleles of the same gene). Which genetic combinations are possible in the four gametes that are produced from a single chiasma between these chromosome pairs?​

 

a. 

​Ab, AB, ab, aB

 

b. 

Ab, Ab, aB, aB​

 

c. 

Aa, Bb, ab, Ab​

 

d. 

Ab, Ab, AB, AB​

 

e. 

AB, AB, ab, ab​

a

50
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Assuming a single cross-over event, the completion of meiosis produces ____.​

 

a. 

​three daughter cells with parental chromosomes and one daughter cell with a recombinant chromosome

 

b. 

four daughter cells with recombinant chromosomes​

 

c. 

two daughter cells with parental chromosomes and two daughter cells with recombinant chromosomes​

 

d. 

one daughter cell with parental chromosomes and one cell with recombinant chromosomes​

 

e. 

two daughter cells, each with recombinant chromosomes​

c

51
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Crossing-over ____.​

 

a. 

​only takes place towards the middle of chromatids

 

b. 

can only occur once for each non-sister chromatid​

 

c. 

can only occur once for each homologous chromosome pair​

 

d. 

only takes place between sister chromatids​

 

e. 

can occur at multiple sites in each set of paired chromosomes​

e

52
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The manner in which chromosomes align themselves along the metaphase plate is completely random. This quality makes ____ possible.​

 

a. 

​metaphase I

 

b. 

synapsis​

 

c. 

meiosis​

 

d. 

fertilization​

 

e. 

independent assortment​

e

53
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Following the completion of meiosis in animals, males produce ____ sperm cell(s) and females produce ____ egg(s).​

 

a. 

​4 diploid; one diploid

 

b. 

4 haploid; one haploid​

 

c. 

2 diploid; 4 haploid​

 

d. 

4 haploid; 2 diploid​

 

e. 

4 haploid; 3 haploid​


b

54
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Which pattern of diploid and haploid phases reflects the life cycle in animals?​

 

a. 

​alternation between haploid and diploid generations

 

b. 

​two haploid generations followed by a diploid generation

 

c. 

​one haploid generation followed by two diploid generations

 

d. 

​a single generation that limits the haploid state to gametes while the rest of the organism is diploid

 

e. 

​a single generation that limits the diploid state to gametes while the rest of the organism is haploid

d

55
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Which pattern of diploid and haploid phases reflects the life cycle in plants?

 

a. 

​alternation between haploid and diploid generations

 

b. 

two haploid generations followed by a diploid generation​

 

c. 

one haploid generation followed by two diploid generations​

 

d. 

a single generation that limits the haploid state to gametes while the rest of the organism is diploid​

 

e. 

a single generation that limits the diploid state to gametes while the rest of the organism is haploid​

a

56
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Which pattern of diploid and haploid phases reflects the life cycle in some fungi and algae, but not plants or animals?​

 

a. 

​alternation between haploid and diploid generations

 

b. 

two haploid generations followed by a diploid generation​

 

c. 

one haploid generation followed by two diploid generations​

 

d. 

a life cycle that limits the diploid state to a single cell produced by fertilization​

 

e. 

a life cycle that limits the haploid state to a single cell which is immediately fertilized​

d

57
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Which statement describes a similarity between the diploid and haploid phases of plant life?​

 

a. 

​both end in fertilization

 

b. 

both are multicellular​

 

c. 

both are immediately followed by meiosis​

 

d. 

both contain sporophytes​

 

e. 

both contain spores​

b

58
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An unknown organism from an alien planet is observed and found to have a diploid state in every other generation that results from fertilization. The haploid state is able to grow into a gametophyte-like structure. This alien organism most closely mimics the life cycle strategy of which of the following earth organisms?​

 

a. 

​humpback whale

 

b. 

chimpanzee​

 

c. 

algae​

 

d. 

bacteria​

 

e. 

all plants and some fungi​

e

59
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In plants, the gametes produced by a particular gametophyte are ____.​

 

a. 

​always identical because they result from meiosis

 

b. 

always identical because they result from mitosis​

 

c. 

sometimes identical because they result from meiosis​

 

d. 

sometimes identical because they result from mitosis​

 

e. 

never identical because they result from meiosis​

b

60
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What is the immediate product of meiosis in plants?​

 

a. 

​diploids

 

b. 

gametes​

 

c. 

spores​

 

d. 

sporophytes​

 

e. 

somatic cells​

c

61
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Which stages of meiosis is most poorly understood?​

 

a. 

​how daughter cells are cleaved

 

b. 

how homologous chromosomes are separated​

 

c. 

how homologous chromosomes pair​

 

d. 

the mechanism of crossing-over​

 

e. 

how the regulatory pathways of meiosis operate​

e

62
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Which statement describes a similarity between meiosis and mitosis?​

 

a. 

​Both halve the chromosome number of the parent cell.

 

b. 

Both produce 4 daughter cells.​

 

c. 

Crossing-over occurs in both.​

 

d. 

Both create genetically different daughter cells.​

 

e. 

DNA is replicated only once in both processes.​

e

63
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In plants and some fungi, individuals that form the diploid generation are called ____.​

 

a. 

​spores

 

b. 

​sporophytes

 

c. 

gametophytes​

 

d. 

spermatozoa​

 

e. 

ova​

b

64
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Which statement most accurately describes plant gametes?​

 

a. 

​Gametophytes produced by mitotic divisions of spores can mature to gametes.

 

b. 

Gametes are formed directly from meiosis.​

 

c. 

Haploid spores produced by meiosis are mature gametes.​

 

d. 

Gametophytes produced directly from meiosis are mature gametes.​

 

e. 

Sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce mature gametes called spores.​

a

65
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How do the haploid and diploid phases of the plant life cycle differ from those of the animal life cycle?​

 

a. 

​In plants, the diploid phase dominates the life cycle, while in animals the haploid phase dominates the life cycle.

 

b. 

In plants, mitosis occurs only during the haploid phase while in animals mitosis occurs only during the diploid phase.​

 

c. 

In plants, mitosis occurs only during the diploid phase, while in animals mitosis occurs only during the haploid phase.​

 

d. 

​In plants, mitosis occurs during both the haploid and diploid phases, while in animals mitosis occurs only during the diploid phase.

 

e. 

​In plants, meiosis occurs during the haploid phase, while in animals meiosis occurs during the diploid phase.

d

66
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How is sexual reproduction facilitated in flowering plants?​

 

a. 

​pollen reaches the ovule by traveling through the flower petal

 

b. 

the male gametophyte is found in the flower while the female gametophyte is released as pollen​

 

c. 

the female gametophyte is found in the flower while the male gametophyte is released as pollen​

 

d. 

pollen is only able to fertilize plants of different species to ensure genetic diversity​

 

e. 

the ovule is carried by birds to other plants for reproduction to occur with the male gametophyte​

c

67
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If an organism has the same life strategy as a maple tree, the synaptonemal complex will be observed ____.​

 

a. 

​only in alternating generations

 

b. 

in each generation​

 

c. 

only in a unicellular haploid phase​

 

d. 

only in a multicellular haploid phase​

 

e. 

only in gametophytes​

a

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After the first meiotic division, the two daughter cells ____.​

 

a. 

​are identical to each other

 

b. 

replicate their DNA before dividing again​

 

c. 

contain unequal chromosome numbers​

 

d. 

have half the diploid number of chromosomes​

 

e. 

always contain equal numbers of paternal and maternal chromosomes​

d

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Genetic variability in meiosis results from ____.​

 

a. 

​recombination of homologous chromosomes only

 

b. 

independent assortment of chromosomes only​

 

c. 

random joining of male and female gametes only​

 

d. 

recombination between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes​

 

e. 

recombination of homologous chromosomes, independent assortment of chromosomes, and random joining of male and female gametes​

e

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Which statement describes the production of offspring by wingless female aphids?​

 

a. 

​Wingless female aphids can produce clones of female offspring by laying eggs.

 

b. 

When the amount of food available in the environment increases, the number of male offspring increases.​

 

c. 

Wingless female aphids only produce female clones, and these clones are made without the mother laying eggs.​

 

d. 

Different proportions of winged male, non-egg-laying female, and egg-laying female offspring are produced based on the temperature and amount of daylight.​

 

e. 

Environmental conditions do not affect the sexuality of wingless female aphid offspring; sexuality is only determined genetically.​

d