Cells, Mitosis, Membrane Transport

nucleus

membrane bound organelle that holds DNA

cell (plasma) membrane

phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters/exits the cell

cytoplasm

jellylike substance that holds the organelles in place

nucleolus

produces and assembles ribosomes

chromatin

DNA coiled around proteins to fit in the nucleus

chromosome

carry genetic information for cell division

microvilli

external projections that increase the surface area of the cell membrane

cilia

tiny, hairlike projections that help move substances across cell surfaces

flagellum

composed of contractile proteins that move a cell (longer than cilia)

organelle

membrane bound structures that perform various jobs for the cell

ribosome

nonmembranous organelle associated with protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

membranous organelle associated with protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

membranous organelle associated with lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus

packages materials for export out of the cell

lysosome

vesicle containing digestive enzymes

peroxisome

vesicle that detoxifies harmful substances within the cell

mitochondria

converts molecular energy from sugars to ATP

centriole

organizes microtubules to help animal cells divide correctly

microtubule

“support beams” in cytoplasm to maintain shape, transport materials, and guide cell division

microfilament

thinnest fibers of cytoskeleton, provide structural support and drive cellular movement

Diffusion

movement of a solute (thing being dissolved) across a plasma membrane from an area of high to low solute concentration

selective permeability

when a membrane allows certain molecules and ions to pass through while blocking others

passive transport

movement of molecules or ions across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, no ATP

concentration gradient

the gradual change in the concentration of a substance between two connected areas or across a distance

osmosis

movement of water across a plasma membrane from an area of high to low water concentration or low to high solute concentration

active transport

movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane going against the concentration gradient, using ATP

crenation

cell shrinks due to being placed in a hypertonic solution and losing water

lysis

cell enlarges and bursts due to being placed in a hypotonic solution and gaining water

prophase

nuclear membrane fragments

interphase

cell growth occurs

telophase

nuclear membrane reforms

anaphase

chromosomes move away from each other

metaphase

chromosomes line up in middle of cell

prophase

spindle fibers form

interphase

DNA duplication occurs

cell cycle

an orderly series of stages that includes preparation to divide and the division process