solution
a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in one state of matter
particles evenly distributed
substances don’t separate
“one substance dissolved in another”
Solutions can be dissolved in…
kool-aid (gasses dissolved in gasses)
Air (gasses dissolved in gasses)
Ponds (gasses dissolved in liquids)
Gasoline (liquids dissolved in liquids)
Alloys (solids dissolved in solids
solute
the substance that is dissolved
solvent
the substance that does the dissolving (more abundant)
solution =
solute + solvent
aqueous solution
any solution where water is the solvent
molarity (M)
concentration of a solution; measured in the number of moles of solute dissolved in ever liter of solution
molality (m)
concentration of a solution; measured in moles of solute dissolved in each kilogram of solvent
molarity equation
M = moles of solute/liters of solution
molality equation
m = moles of solute/kg of solvent
M =
n solute/ V
equation for # of moles of solute
n solute = MV
2.80 M NaCl (aq)
2.80 = solution concentration
M = mol solute/ L solution
NaCl = solute
(aq) = solvent (water)
steps to prepare a solution
Calculate amount of solute needed
Measure solute
Fill volumetric flask half with distilled water
Add solute
Swirl mixture to dissolve solute
Add distilled water up to line
Label solution
Why do some things dissolve?
Solvent particles are strongly attached to solute particles
Solute particles are pulled away from other solute particles
Solute particles surrounded by solvent particles, creating homogenous mixture
saturated solution
when a solution reaches a point where it can’t dissolve anymore solute (maximum concentration)
solubility
)measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent (under given conditions
solubility depends on…
solute-solvent attraction
temperature
pressure
supersaturated solution
a solution that contains more solute than the solvent would normally dissolve under current conditions
solutions in everyday life
kool-aid, seawater, tea, gatorade, antifreeze
acids in everyday life
acetic acid (vinegar)
carbonic acid (pop)
citric acid (citrus fruit)
bases in everyday life
hydroxide (deodorant)
bicarbonate (baking soda)
hypochlorite (bleach)
H+
hydrogen ion (proton)
Bronsted-Lowry definitions
acid = a substance that can donate H+ ions in a solution
base= a substance that can accept H+ ions in a solution
properties of acids
sour taste
conduct electricity
corrosive
react with some metals to make hydrogen (g)
react with carbonates to make CO2 (g)
properties of bases
bitter taste
conduct electricity
corrosive
conjugate base
formed when an acid loses a H+
conjugate acid
formed when a base gains a H+
indicators
chemicals that change color depending on the pH of the solution (phenolphthalein = more pink when basic, clear when acidic, light pink when neutral)
pH
a measure of the strength of an acid or base (really a measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution)
pH equation
pH = -log[H+] (H+ = molarity of hydrogen ions)
strong acids
acids that completely dissociate in water
100% of molecules break apart to form ions
Produce many H+ (lower pH)
weak acids
acids that DO NOT dissociate in water
less than 100% of molecules form ions in water
Produce very few H+ (higher pH)
strong bases
substances that have a strong attraction for H+ in solution
weak bases
substances that have a weak attraction for H+ in solution
neutralization reaction
when an acid and a base react in proper amounts to neutralize each other
titration
a carefully controlled reaction where an unknown solution is reacted with a known solution
standard solution
a solution with a known concentration
equivalence point
the stopping point in an acid-base titration when a neutralization reaction occurs
alloy
homogenous mixture of metals
alloys used in everyday life
steel (scissors, keys, appliances)
bronze (coins, doorknobs)
brass (watches, instruments)
Ma x Va = Mb x Vb
molarity of acid x volume of acid = molarity of base x volume of base (at equivalence point)