BIO 180 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I - Unit V Notes (copy)

Olfactory Glands (Bowman’s)

Produces mucus that dissolves odorants.

Olfactory Stem/Basal Cells

Regenerate olfactory receptor cells.

Olfactory Epithelia

Contains olfactory receptor cells.

Olfactory Cilia

Hair-like structures that bind odorants.

Lamina Propria

Connective tissue layer supporting olfactory epithelium.

CN I - Olfactory Nerve, Bulb, & Tract

Transmits olfactory information to the brain.

Taste Buds

Structures on the tongue that contain taste buds.

Gustatory Epithelial Cells

Taste receptor cells.

Gustatory Hairs

Microvilli that project into the taste pore and bind tastants.

Taste Pore

Opening in the taste bud that allows tastants to enter.

Filiform Papillae

Type of lingual papillae with no taste buds, responsible for texture.

Fungiform Papillae

Type of lingual papillae that contain taste buds.

Circumvallate Papillae

Type of lingual papillae that also contain taste buds.

Types of Taste/Flavors

Sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami, and water.

Olfactory pathway

Involves olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity sending signals to the olfactory bulb, then to the olfactory cortex.

Gustatory pathway

Involves taste receptors on the tongue sending signals to the medulla oblongata, thalamus, and gustatory cortex.

Ageusia

Complete loss of taste

Hypergeusia

Abnormally heightened sense of taste

Disgeusia

Distortion in sense of taste

Hypogeusia

Persistent abnormal taste

Tarsal glands

Prevent eyelid sticking sebaceous glands

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Includes eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus.

Eyebrows/Lashes

Protect the eyes from debris and sunlight.

Eyelids

Protect and lubricate the eye.

Conjunctiva

Lines the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of the eye.

Lacrimal Apparatus

Produces and drains tears.

Lacrimal gland

Secretes lysozyme

Lacrimal lake

Where tears accumulate

Lacrimal puncta

Drain tears

Lacrimal canaliculi

Where tears get drained too

Nasolacrimal duct

Drain fluid into nose

Fibrous Layer

Includes the sclera and cornea.

Vascular Layer/Uvea

Includes the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. Aka uvea, regulates light secrets and absorbs aqueous fluid

Choroid vascular layer

Vascular layer that feed a the retina

Iris

Controls pupil size.

Optic Disc

Known as the blind spot.

Macula Lutea

Area of high visual acuity.

Fovea Centralis

Area of sharpest vision.

Photoreceptors

Includes rods and cones for vision.

Phototransduction

Process by which light is converted into an electrical signal.

Accommodation

Adjustment of the lens to focus on objects at different distances.

Refraction

Bending of light as it passes through the eye structures.

Visual Pathway

Optic disc → optic nerve (CN II) → optic chiasm → lateral geniculate nuclei → optic radiation → occipital lobes.

Outer Ear

Includes auricle and external auditory canal.

Middle Ear

Contains tympanic membrane and ossicles.

Inner Ear

Includes bony and membranous labyrinths.

Cochlea

Specialized for hearing.

Vestibule

Responsible for balance, contains saccule and utricle.

Frequency

Number of sound waves per second measured in Hertz.

Pitch

Perception of frequency.

Volume/Intensity

Amplitude of sound waves measured in decibels.

Auditory pathway

Involves sound waves causing vibrations in the tympanic membrane.

Equilibrium pathway

Involves hair cells in the vestibule and semicircular canals for balance.

Crista Ampullaris

Sensory receptor for dynamic equilibrium.

Cupula

Gelatinous structure covering hair cells in the semicircular canals.

Organ of Corti

Contains hair cells that serve as sensory receptors for hearing.

Macula

Sensory receptor for static equilibrium.

Spiral Ganglia

Contains the cell bodies of auditory sensory neurons.

Basilar Membrane

A membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti.

Scala Media

Cochlear duct that contains endolymph.

Aqueous Humor

Fluid in the anterior segment of the eye.

Vitreous Humor

Fluid in the posterior segment of the eye.

Canal of Schlemm

Drains aqueous humor from the eye.

Ossicles

The malleus, incus, and stapes that transmit vibrations in the middle ear.

Tensor Tympani and Stapedius

Muscles that dampen loud sounds.