bio2 exam chunk 1

carbs serve as a

primary source of energy

3 main carb groups

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

monosaccharides

simple sugar, single monomer (glucose, fructose, galactose)

disaccharides

double sugar, two monosaccharies (sucrose, lactose, maltose) 

polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

what type of polysaccharide is easier to break down

branched

3 main energy metabolism options

glucose uptake, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism

glucose uptake

regulated by insulin, brain takes 65%, used by muscle and liver, can be stored as glycogen

Lipid Metabolism 

Liver converts excess glucose to fat, alternate energy source, Fat hydrolysis releases 2x the energy as glucose 

Protein Metabolism

Amino acids can be broken down and converted into fats, carbs, or ATP

Insulin

secreted by the pancreas, plays a key role in controlling blood glucose levels

insulin promotes

increased glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis

Proteins are 

polymers of amino acids 

amino acid

building blocks of all proteins

proteins encoded by 

DNA

amino acid structure 

amino group, carboxyl group, side chain (R group)

amino acid functional groups… 

Specify proteins shape, confers special chemical properties 

##unique side chains

20

the bond/link that holds proteins (polypeptides) together

peptide bond

essential amino acids

cannot be synthesized by body

non essential amino acids

synthesized within the body

five functional types of proteins

Structural, Transport, Regulatory, Defense, Enzymatic

structural proteins 

supportive components of cells and tissues

Transport Proteins

carry substances (portals + carriers) 

Regulatory Proteins 

control cellular functions as chemical messengers and transcription factors 

Defense Proteins

fight pathogens

Enzymatic Proteins

Catalyze biochemical reactions

DNA Polymerase

repairs and synthesizes cellular DNA

protein primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids

3d structure of protein

specifies function

Denatured protein = lost its 

3d shape, function

fats composed of

glycerol and three fatty acids, synthesized and stored in liver

lipids serve as

energy reserves, insulate the body, cushion organs

4 types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

saturated fat

single bonds, flexible, usually solid at room temp

unsaturated fat

one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp 

Hydrogenation

unnatural, industrial modification, adds hydrogen to convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats, Liquid fats become solid at room temp, TRANS FAT → bad for our health 

phospholipids have ____ allowing them to form the bilayer of cell membranes

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

steroids

four ring core, cholesterol and steroid hormones 

waxes

Long-chain alcohols bonded to fatty acids, Provide waterproofing

Nucleic acids store..

and transfer genetic information

DNA

located in the nucleus, ATCG, stores genetic info

RNA

single stranded, AUCG

DNA generated RNA mols (3)

mRNA (messenger), rRNA (ribosomal), and tRNA (transfer)

DNA is ___ while RNA is ___

double stranded, single stranded

Glycosis

occurs in cytoplasm, 2 ATP per glucose  

Cellular Respiration

occurs in mitochondria, 30-40 ATP per glucose mol 

Histone-associated DNA are regarded as

chromosomes

DNA Karyotype

represents the full collection of chromosomes from an individual organism

Gene

Linear sequence of nucleotides encoding a protein

Genome

Entire set of genetic material (all genes) in an organism.

Transcription = , Translation = 

DNA → RNA, RNA → protein 

the primary difference between the nucleic acid, ATP, and other nucleic acids

ATP is a ribonucleotide used primarily for energy transfer, not for storing genetic information like DNA or RNA.