Baptist History & Beliefs Exam #2

John Howard Shakespeare

-General Secretary of the Baptist Union, 1898-1924; very progressive; led in the decline of Baptists in England

-major accomplishments: led in 2 major fund drives; led in construction of the Baptist church house, the HQ of the denomination in London; led in denominational restructuring; led the Baptist denomination into serious ecumenical dialogue with other denominations; helped form the Baptist World Alliance in 1905

Baptist (Union) Colleges

-Bristol College, 1679.

-Regent's Park, in Oxford, 1810.

-Spurgeon's College in London, 1856.

-Manchester, formed in 1964 by the merger of Rawdon (1804) and Manchester (1866).

Results of the Baptist merger in the UK in 1891 in the 20th Century

-the Particular Baptist structures (organization, society method, etc.) prevailed

-General Baptist theology continued/ prevailed

Factors that contributed to the Baptist merger in the UK in the 20th Century

-decline of Calvinism among Particular Baptists

-growth of open communication among both groups (particulars and generals)

-growth of prominence of the Baptist Union (particulars)

Growth patterns in the 20th Century: UK

-Baptist Union of England: number of churches, church members, and Sunday School attendance declined

-Baptist Mission Society: missionary numbers declined

Lessons to be learned from the Baptist merger in the UK in the 20th Century

-be watchful/ careful of church associations

-denominational downfall; lack of true evangelism together with a lack of fervency of beliefs; opening up "dialogue" with other denominations; doctrinal de-emphasis; ecumenism (abandoning all distinctives); priority of unity over purity glories of national grandeur & power are hard to resist

-local autonomy vs. national organizations

Doctrinal Problems of the 20th Century English Baptists: Evangelical

Heritage: holds to traditional Baptist distinctive

Baptism: traditional view of believer's baptism by immersion

Orientation: favors Baptist Revival Fellowship

Church: local authority with Baptist distinctives

Denomination: is churchly in nature and function

al Problems of the 20th Century English Baptists: Sacramental

Heritage: favors ecumenism

Baptism: no set policy for it; infant baptism is okay under certain situations

Orientation: favors Baptist Renewal Group

Church: Universal emphasis; pushes the inter-relatedness of all churches

Denomination: one Baptist Church with local congregations

local autonomy

-emphasis on doctrinal soundness

-emphasis on Spiritual health

-opportunity for strict doctrinal accountability

-strong on confessions of faith

-strong on Purity

-local power, local autonomy

national "autonomy"

-emphasis on loyalty

-emphasis on corporate health

-opportunity for loose doctrinal accountability (missionaries, smaller associated organizations)

-often resist adopting confessions

-strong on Unity

-centralized power, little local autonomy

C. I. Scofield

leader in Presbyterian Fundamentalism and Dispensationalism; wrote the famous Study Bible; Strongly Pre- Millennial

James H. Brooks

lived in St. Louis, MO; strongly held to dispensationalism; strongly Pre-Millennial; taught Scofield; spoke and organized Bible Conferences

Nathaniel West

strongly Pre-Millennial; editor of the premillennialism essays of the first American Bible Conference in NY in 1878

fundamentalist

"ideally, it is one who desires to reach out in love and compassion to people, believes and defends the whole Bible as the absolute, inerrant, and authoritative Word of God, and stands committed to the doctrine and practice of holiness" (Beale)

Fundamentals of the faith

-inerrancy of Scripture: infallibility; Scripture cannot be wrong

-the death of Christ; He must be God to even give salvation

-the virgin birth of Christ; we deserve to die for our sins, but Christ died in our place

-the physical resurrection and physical second coming; Christ's resurrection guarantees ours

Fundamentalism origin

1919: Curtis Lee Laws wrote in his Baptist magazine, that people should take a stand for the fundamentals of the faith; they should defend them against liberalism

Stages of Fundamentalism

-Nonconformist: (1857-1920) interdenominational, revivalist, centered inside the Bible Conference Movement, and concerned about the End Times; (1920-) Fundamentalist vs. liberal battles

-Separatist: (1920-1950) Fundamentalist separation from Mainline denominations (1950-1970) Fundamentalist separation from New Evangelicalism (1970-present) Fundamentalist defection into broader Evangelicalism

Schools that were started by Fundamentalists

-A.B. Simpson: Missionary Training Institute (NY)/ Nyack College

-D.L.Moody: Chicago Evangelization Society/ Moody Bible Institute

-A.J. Gordon: Boston Missionary Training School/ Gordon College

-John A. Davis: Practical Bible Training School (NY)/ Davis College

-William Bell Riley: Northwestern Bible & Missionary Training School (Mnpls)/ Northwestern College

-Lyman Stewart: Bible Institute of Los Angeles/ Biola University

-C.I. Scofield; William L. Pettingill: Philadelphia College of the Bible/ Cairn University

-William Jordan: Omaha Bible Institute/ Faith Baptist Bible College & Theological Seminary

Lewis Sperry Chafer

lived in Dallas, TX; helped to found Dallas Theological Seminary in 1924; instrumental in dispensationalism

Presbyterian's part in Fundamentalism

this group started a Bible Conference so that controversy and liberalism could be fought against; they started more Bible colleges out of a concern over liberalism in seminaries and a love for Bible exposition

Presbyterian leaders of the Fundamentalist movement

-C. I. Scofield

-James H. Brooks

-William J. Erdman

-Nathaniel West

-Solomon C. Dickey

-Billy Sunday

-Thomas C. Horton

-Lewis Sperry Chafer

-William Jennings Bryan

Old School Presbyterians

-stood for strict application of their church government

-Emphasized God's perspective; God's holiness, glory, and majesty

-denominational control of evangelism & ministry

-Traditional Reformed Theology

-Traditional methods of evangelism

-Tended toward Scottish "Common-Sense" realism

-Based in the South; slavery was defended

New School Presbyterians

-Didn't see themselves as "liberals;" never questioned the Bible's authority

-They tended to restate Calvinism in terms of human experience

-Sin was self-love; God could not be only interested in His own attributes—that would be selfish

-No inherited sin from Adam—sin is individual and voluntary

-Embraced the "new measures" of evangelism of Charles Finney

-Embraced a modified Calvinism which had been influenced by New England Theology; this speculative idealism would eventually blend with German rationalism

Heresy Trials

-formal accusations and disciplinary actions taken by fundamentalist churches or denominations against individuals whose theological views were considered to be a departure from the "fundamentals" of the Christian faith as defined by fundamentalist

-the denomination would decide whether ordination would be taken away from them

-ex. Albert Barnes and Layman Beecher

Princeton's fall to liberalism

-only conservative school that the Presbyterians had

-moderates gained control and it allowed progressives as faculty members

-every single other seminary was liberal, but the liberals didn't want even one conservative seminary

-school was originally run by 2 boards, but then they formed one, but with more liberals

Walter Rauschenbusch

lived in New York State; a liberal and "Father of the Social Gospel"; professor at Rochester Theological Seminary; published a book on the Social Gospel: "problem is that people live in poverty, and we need everyone to be equal"

a lack of identity

The founding of the Northern Baptist Convention in relation to the presence of liberals at the beginning of the composition of the majority of the people revealed what? (there were many name changes as they tried to "rebrand" themselves)

Reasons for the Fundamentalists separation from the N. Baptist Convention

-the Social Gospel

-liberalism creeping in

-values were not the same

-undermined confidence in the Bible

Henry Vetter

leader in the Social Gospel; denied substitutionary atonement

Augustus H. Strong

president of Rochester Theological Seminary which was neither fundamentalist nor liberal

W. B. Riley

published a Declaration of Faith for the Fundamentalist Fellowship to try to win the N. Convention back

Growth patterns of the Northern (American) Baptist Churches

-Foreign Missions: -57%

-Ordained Missionaries: -66%

-Missions Giving: decrease

-Church Membership: 13%

-Affiliate churches: -31%

-Baptisms: -53%

-Sunday School Enrollment: -63%

Robert Ketcham

lived in the Midwestern USA; significant leader of the GARBC; national representative that helped provide guidance for churches to separate from liberalism even if the pastors were giving up security for retirement and such

Northern Baptist Convention (as the Bible Baptist Union)

Where did the GARBC separate from?

1932

When did the GARBC separate?

Baptist Bible Union

one division in the "Fundamentalist Camp", formed in 1923 when the tactics of the Fundamental Fellowship were failing; they included men outside of the N. Baptist Convention, and were more activist and agitated ("get in your face"); tried many schemes against the Convention

Conservative Baptist Churches of America, 1947

-origination: came out from the NBC; "take back control, show that GARBC was wrong in separating

-established Bible Colleges, Universities, and Seminaries

-fervency: ?? (judgment call)

-don't view separatism as an option

Foundations Baptist Fellowship International

-broke away from NBC in 1967 over separation

-wanted to maintain purity in their fellowship

Baptist Bible Fellowship

-established Bible Colleges, Universities, and Seminaries (centered in Greenville, MS; more of a pastor's fellowship)

-fervency: slight fervency but numbers were declining

Southwide Baptist Fellowship

-origination: started by Lee Roberson and J.R. Rice; a loose confederation of churches

-established Bible Colleges, Universities, and Seminaries

-had famous historical leaders

GARBC

-Separated much earlier

-Willingly separated from the liberal NBC

-Took a much stronger stand against liberalism

-Disavowed "Big Man" leadership

-Did not allow dual membership with the NBC

-Has remained strongly dispensational

-Remained strongly separatist for many years

-Have retained "Baptist" in their name

CBA

-Separated only after they were forced out by the NBC after 1946; they were left with no other choice, really

-Leadership had always been softer about separatism

-Leadership had denied the liberal influence in the NBC in the years before 1947

-Allowed dual membership

-Are not separatist much at all anymore

-The FBFI split from the CBA in 1967

-The CBA agencies do not have "Baptist" in their name

Growth patterns of the SBC in the 20th Century

-missionaries: 1900-94; 1983- 3,800

-missions giving: 1900-$140,102; 1983-$123,000,000

-nations represented: 1900-6; 1983- 45,000

-Sunday school enrollment: 1900-636,944; 1983- 7,678,604

-SBC Membership: 1900-1,586,709; 1983-14,208,226

Conclusions when looking at the Southern Baptist Convention

1. Don't like the structure: takes away from autonomy

2. Conservative ministries thrive more than liberal ones do

Harold Ockenga

1st President of Fuller Theological Seminary

Billy Graham

Spokesperson for the New Evangelical movement; spoke to 1,000,000 Koreans on his evangelistic tour

Edward J. Carnell

Later president of Fuller Theological Seminary (1954-

1959); never achieved the recognition from the liberals

he desired; wrote "The Case for Orthodoxy"; first generation New Evangelical; he was a controversial figure for who he attacked (some conservatives) and who he didn't attack (Karl Barth who though the Bible was full of errors)

George Eldon Ladd

Professor at Fuller Theological Seminary; never

achieved the recognition from the liberals he desired; participate on scholarly debates on faith and historical understanding; "modern methodologies need not preclude Christian faith"; wrote "A Place at the Table" which described how he wanted to be esteemed among the liberals

Strategies that the Fundamentalists used to try to interact with and win the world

-evangelism: the Billy Graham Evangelistic Crusades

-education: infiltrate, not separate (professors who were very educated at highly prestigious schools)

-esteem: win liberals respect in various fields of theological study

Representatives for the New Evangelicals in the 20th Century

-Magazine: Christianity Today

-Intellectual leaders: Harold Ockenga, Carl F. H. Henry

-Seminary: Fuller Theological Seminary that wanted to "win the respect of everyone"

Goals of the New Evangelicals in the 20th Century

wanted to gain intellectual respect from liberals through pursuing degrees at prestigious universities and wanted to have a social conscience regarding poverty, care for the environment, etc.

Problems of definition

-What is an "evangelical?"; fear of evangelicals not even being orthodox in their faith; did not want to be limited by "hard and fast [doctrinal] statements"

Evaluation of New Evangelicals

-failed on many aspects and were influenced theologically more than they realized

-positives: gained academic prestige, tried to defend biblical theology, 1978- International Council of Biblical Inerrancy, Billy Graham's Crusades

-negatives: they have not won the respect they sought from liberals, Fuller TS lost its inerrancy statement in 1967, there was no definition of "evangelical" established

-viewed as not taking certain theology and Scripture seriously

Inerrancy

What doctrinal issue became important for the New Evangelicals to argue?

E. C. Morris

President of the original National Baptist Convention; now not

religiously conservative; he led the group that incorporated and became the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.

R. H. Boyd

Lead a schism from the NBC in 1915 over control of

Publications Board & Home Missions Board; his group was

called the National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.

Joseph H. Jackson

He was the head of the National Baptist Convention (1953-

1982); basically had a lifetime rule (chief executive)

National Baptist Convention

in order to nationalize all African American Baptists into one group, this Convention was formed; it later split into two conventions due to disagreements about the organization of the publishing branch

Relation of Black and White Baptists

-the relationship between them wasn't great in the 1950s-60s

-many White Baptists tended to follow the trend of fighting the Civil Rights movement

-congregations were segregated

-Southern Baptists: some were opposed to African-Americans in their church

-an association of conservative African-American churches wanted to join the GARBC but that didn't happen; eventually GARBC asked for forgiveness

Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association

African-American associations wanted identification with individuals and churches with existing Bible believing organizations...but they were rejected just because of their race (not because of their different beliefs); they formed this instead