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Three Domains of Life
Woesse et al. proposed three life domains.
Phylogenetic Tree
Diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species.
Hierarchical Biological Classification
Systematic arrangement of organisms in ranks.
Carolus Linnæus
Father of Taxonomy; developed binomial nomenclature.
Binomial Nomenclature
Two-part scientific naming system for species.
Fennec Fox
Vulpes zerda; small fox from North Africa.
Domain: Eukaryota
Organisms with complex cells and nuclei.
Phylum Chordata
Includes animals with notochord and dorsal nerve cord.
Subphylum Vertebrata
Contains animals with a spinal column.
Class Mammalia
Warm-blooded vertebrates with fur and mammary glands.
Order Carnivora
Mammals primarily eating meat; includes 279 species.
Family Canidae
Includes dogs, wolves, foxes, and their relatives.
Genus Vulpes
Genus of true foxes, includes 12 species.
Species Epithet
Second part of a species' scientific name.
Synapomorphy
Shared derived character state among taxa.
Homology
Similarity due to shared ancestry among species.
Analogy
Similarity due to convergent evolution, not ancestry.
Cladistics
Classification based on common ancestry and shared traits.
Monophyletic Group
Includes all descendants of a common ancestor.
Paraphyletic Group
Includes some, but not all descendants of ancestor.
Polyphyletic Group
Grouped taxa not sharing a common ancestor.
Principle of Parsimony
Simplest explanation preferred in phylogenetic analysis.
Outgroup
Taxon used to determine ancestral states in phylogeny.
Sister Taxa
Two species most closely related in phylogenetic tree.
Nodes
Represent common ancestors in a phylogenetic tree.
Plesiomorphy
Ancestral character state in cladistics.
Apomorphy
Derived character state differing from ancestral state.
Homoplasy
Similarity not due to common ancestry; convergent evolution.
Extinction Events
Massive loss of species in Earth's history.
Cretaceous/Paleogene Extinction
Event marked by the loss of dinosaurs.
