Synaptic Transmission

Small molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized by

Cytotoxic proteins in the axon terminal

small molecule neurotransmitters examples

Acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate

Neuropeptides are synthesized

Synthesized from precursor proteins and occurs in the soma

After being created in the soma, neuropeotides are then

Packaged(opioids)

Vescicles undergo fast what to the axon terminal

Anterograde transport

Neuropeptides are synthesized partly in the somatic, and while in transport, what occurs

Large precursor proteins are cleaved

Gated Ion channels

Permit passive transport of ions by diffusion when opened by specific stimuli

Ligand gated channels are found where

Dendrites

Chemical means of signaling between cells

Neurotransmitters

3 steps of neurotransmitter release

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open as cell depolarizes

Vesicles filled with NT to fuse with membrane, releasing them to the outside of the cell

NT binds to receptor proteins on post synaptic cell, causing voltage changes

Exocitosis of NT occurs when what happens

Secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse

Calcium is higher

outside the cell(calcium enters cell when it depolarizes)

Calcium interacts with what to initiate exocytosis

Interacts with docking proteins which push vesicle onto membrane

example of docking protein

Synaptotagmin

Neurotransmitters bind exclusively to what channels

Sodium ligand gated channels(depolarizes cells)

Botulinum toxin

Inhibits ACh release by targeting docking proteins which push

4 therapeutic uses for Botox

Blepharoplasm: involuntary contraction of eye muscles

Cervical dystonia: spasms of neck muscles

Chronic migraines

Upper and lower limb spasticity

Receptors that produce fast post synaptic potentials are associated with what type of ion channel

Logan gated channels

Neurotransmitter receptors can also act via

Secondary messengers

Downside of secondary messengers for neurotransmitters

Elicits slower response

Most synapses in the nervous system are what that mediate what

Chemical synapses that mediate fast excitation and inhibition

EPSPs and IPSPs are added together in a process called

summation at axon hillock

This summation means that the potential of the post synaptic neuron is

Moment to moment

The action of a NT depends on what

Properties of the receptor that it binds to(not chemical properties of NT)

Excitatory NT usually causes what to happen

Na+ or Ca2+ to enter cell

excitatory neurotransmitter example

glutamate

Inhibitory neurotransmitter usually causes what(2 things)

K+ leaves cell

Cl- enters cell

Inhibitory neurotransmitter example

GABA, glycine

There is great consistency in what across a phylum

Consistency in neurotransmitters

In vertebrates, motor neurons always secrete

Acetylcholine(ACh)

In arthropods ACh is secreted by

Sensory neurons

3 methods of synaptic clean up

Enzymatic destruction

Reuptake

Diffusion out of synapse, and clean up by astrocytes

Local anesthetics do what

Block portion of Na+ voltage gated channels(no influx of Na+, prevents pain signals to brain)

Medications sometimes serve to counteract what

Normal effects of neurotransmitters