Chapters 13-14

Unsaturated hydrocarbons have what type of bond?

Double, triple

Acyclic:

Straight or branched open chain (not closed into ring)

Acyclic saturated hydrocarbon formula: (alkane formula)

C_nH_2n+2

Constitutional isomers:

molecular formula same- atoms just bound differently

conformation:

3d spacial arrangement showing how atoms can rotate around the main carbon w/o breaking bc of single bonds

This movement is an example of…

Conformation

Alkanes:

Hydrocarbon with only single bonds

A primary carbon has how many other carbons bound the the main carbon?

Only 1

A tertiary carbon has how many other carbons bound to the main carbon?

3 carbons

Cycloalkane formula:

Stereoisomers:

Molecules with same molecular formula and same bonding connectivity- only differ in how the atoms are arranged in a 3D space (angled differently)

Cis-trans isomerism is what type of isomerism?

Stereoisomerism

Main sources of alkanes and Cycloalkane?

Natural gas and petroleum

Alkanes/ Cycloalkanes are ___ in H2O, and have ____ densities than H2O

Insoluble, lower

Organic compounds have a _____ boiling/melting point compared to inorganic compounds

Lower

Alkanes with 1-4 carbons are ___ at room temp

Gas

Alkanes with 5-8 carbons are _____ at room temp

Volatile Liquid

Alkanes with 18+ carbons are _____ at room temp

Waxy solids

Alkanes have a very high boiling/melting point. T/F?

False- they have the lowest of organic compounds

Alkanes have weak or strong dispersion forces in solid and liquid states?

Weak- London forces

Do branched or linear chain alkanes have a higher boiling point?

Linear- harder to break apart from each other

Do cycloalkanes or linear alkanes boil at a higher temp?

Cycloalkanes- tight stacked shape hard to break apart

Boiling points of what type of alkanes increase as they grow in size?

Straight chain alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkane/Cycloalkane reactions:

Combustion

Halogenation (substitution rxn)

Combustion formula:

Alkane + O2 > CO2 + H2O + heat

Halogenation reaction formula:

Alkane + halogen —heat/light—> halogenated alkane + hydrogen halide

Unsaturated (alkanes) hydrocarbons and saturated (alkenes) hydrocarbons have similar ______ properties but not similar _______ properties

Physical - chemical

3 types of unsaturated hydrocarbons

1) alkenes

2) cycloalkenes

3) aromatic hydrocarbons

Alkanes have what molecular geometry with angles at what degree?

Tetrahedral

109.5 degrees

Alkenes have what type of molecular geometry and angles at what degree?

Trigonal planar

120 degrees

Cycloalkene formula for only 1 double bond:

Positional isomerism:

Type of constitutional isomer- only the double bond changes position- carbon backbone stays the same

What is a type of naturally occurring alkene?

Pheromones

Pheromones chemical activity is determined by…

If the c=c bond is in cis or trans form

Alkenes have a _____ boiling point compared to alkanes

lower

What reaction forms alkenes?

Dehydrogenation rxn

Dehydrogenation rxn formula:

Alkane + catalyst > alkene + H2

What type of reaction is this?

Hydrogenation

What type of reaction is this?

Halogenation

What reaction is this?

Dehydrogenation

Alkenes 2 chemical reactions:

Combustion

Addition reactions

Alkenes can undergo _________ rxn’s - this has what 2 subcategories

Addition- symmetrical and unsymmetrical

2 types of symmetrical addition reactions:

Hydrogenation

Halogenation

2 types of unsymmetrical addition reactions:

Hydrohalogenation

Hydration

Markovinikov’s rule applies to ___________ reactions and states that the hydrogen atoms goes to what atom in the C=C bond?

Unsymmetrical addition reactions

H goes to C with most H at start

Polymerization of alkenes does what to their bonds?

Breaks = turns single

Alkynes:

Hydrocarbons with at least 1 triple bond

Alkyne formula:

Aromatic hydrocarbons, alkynes, alkenes and alkanes are all _______ in H2O and ________ in organic solvents

H2O insoluble

Soluble in organic solvent

Unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, alkenes, alkanes and alkynes all have densities __________ than H2O

Lower

Aromatic hydrocarbons, Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes boiling point ____________ as their mass gets larger

Increases

What is the suffix used for alkynes when common naming?

-acetylene

Can alkynes have cis/trans-isomerism?

No- that would exceed carbons 4 bond max bc of triple bond plus 2 side groups

What form of isomerism can alkynes participate in?

Constitutional (skeletal, positional)

Aromatic hydrocarbons double bonds are…

Delocalized

What are the 3 positional names (list position numbers) used for Aromatic hydrocarbons when using the common naming system?

Ortho- 1,2

Meta- 1,3

Para- 1,4

What is the name of a benzene ring with at least 1 methyl group?

Toluene

What is the name of a benzene ring with at least 1 ethene side group?

Styrene

What is the primary source of aromatic hydrocarbons?

Petroleum

Can aromatic hydrocarbons undergo addition rxn’s?

No- doesn’t have normal bonds that can be broken

What reactions can aromatic hydrocarbons undergo?

Substitutuion

2 types of substitution reactions:

Alkylation

Halogenation

What reaction is this?

Alkylation

What reaction is this?

Halogenation

Both aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes can undergo this chemical reaction…

Substitution

Both alkenes and alkynes can undergo what type of chem reaction…

Addition