Week 3: Joints

how many degrees of freedom does the neck have?

3

how many degrees of freedom does the spine and thorax have?

3

how many degrees of freedom does the ribs and thorax have?

1

how many degrees of freedom does the scapula have?

3

what percentage of abduction does the glenohumeral joint do compared to the scapula?

GH: 1/3, scapula: 2/3

how many degrees of freedom does the shoulder have?

3

how many degrees of freedom does the elbow have?

1 (technically 2)

how many degrees of freedom does the forearm have?

1

how many degrees of freedom does the wrist have?

2

how many degrees of freedom does the thumb have?

2

how many degrees of freedom do the fingers have?

2

how many degrees of freedom does the mandible have?

3

how many degrees of freedom does the pelvis have?

3

how many degrees of freedom does the hip have?

3

how many degrees of freedom does the knee have?

1 (technically 2)

how many degrees of freedom does the ankle have?

3

what is the function of joints?

to allow movement

what are the two major classifications of joints?

structurally, functionally

what are the three different functional classifications of joints?

1. synarthrotic

2. amphiarthrotic

3. diarthrotic

synarthrotic joint

permits very little or no movement

amphiarthrotic joint

allows a limited amount of movement

diarthrotic joint

freely moveable

what are the three structural classifications of joints?

1. fibrous

2. cartilaginous

3. synovial

simple joints

linking of two bones

compound joints

linking of three or more bones

fibrosis joint

no synovial cavity and is bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue; designed for little to no movement

suture is a type of ___ joint

fibrous

suture

fibrous joint formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue, found only between bones of skull

syndesmosis

fibrous junction that demands strength and a bit of movement

cartilaginous joint

lacks a synovial cavity and permits little or no movement

cartilaginous joint connected only by hyaline cartilage

synchondrosis

symphysis

also has articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage, but also contains a fibrocartilaginous disc to connect the bones

symphysis joints are found along the ___ of the body

midline

___ joints are built with movement in mind

synovial

hyaline cartilage

smooth surface of dense connective tissue that reduces friction between the bones during movement, absorbs shock

labrum

designed to enhance the available surface area of articular region and provide stability by deepening the joint’s socket

bursa

small, synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid

synovial membrane

responsible for production of synovial fluid

synovial fluid

pale liquid responsible for lubricating articular surfaces and reducing friction between bones and joint components

what are the different types of synovial joints?

• hinge

• pivot

• ellipsoid

• saddle

• ball and socket

• gliding

joints don’t move by themselves; instead, ____ ____ create movement by pulling on one (or more) bones of a joint

myofascial units

aside from allowing movement, what are some other functions of joints?

• bear weight

• balance between mobility and stability

what are three factors that affect range of movement?

1. shape of bones

2. design of joint capsule and ligaments

3. surrounding muscles and fascia

joint stability

capacity to withstand displacement

which of the following actions occur along the transverse plane?

1. plantar flexion of the foot

2. flexion of the elbow

3. rotation of the head

4. depression of the mandible

3. rotation of the head

an oblique plane is any plane that:

1. combines two or three cardinal planes

2. runs perpendicular to another plane

3. passes vertically through a joint

4. combines both planes and axes

1. combines two or three cardinal planes

the axis that passes medially to laterally through the body is the

1. oblique axis

2. vertical axis

3. frontal axis

4. sagittal axis

3. frontal axis

which of the following are actions of the glenohumeral joint?

1. external rotation, internal rotation, lateral flexion

2. lateral rotation, elevation, horizontal adduction

3. retraction, extension and medial rotation

4. flexion, abduction, horizontal abduction

4. flexion, abduction, horizontal abduction

a joint is a point of contact between two or more ___

bones

which of the following are functional classifications of joints?

1. gomphosis, synchondrosis, symphysis

2. fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

3. synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic

4. synarthrotic, cartilaginous, synovial

3. synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic

which of the following are structural classifications of joints?

1. fibrous, synchondrosis, symphysis

2. synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic

3. synarthrotic, diarthrotic, synovial

4. fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

4. fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

the crescent-shaped fibrocartilage located in the tibiofemoral joint is called ____

meniscus

synovial fluid is produced by a specific ____

membrane

the proximal radioulnar joint is an example of what type of joint?

1. pivot

2. biaxial

3. saddle

4. triaxial

1. pivot

the ball and socket joint is classified as what type of joint?

1. nonaxial

2. uniaxial

3. biaxial

4. triaxial

4. triaxial

a joint is passively restrained by what structures?

surrounding joint capsule, ligaments and fasciae

range of motion

amount of movement of a joint

structural factors such as ______________ will affect the span of available movement

the shape of joint surfaces

active ROM

degree of movement that a client can produce using his or her own strength

passive ROM

distance that the practitioner can passively mobilize the client’s joint

resisted ROM

involves your client attempting to perform an action against your resistance

physiological movement

movement that a person can actively produce at an articulation

active ROM is an example of ____ _____

physiological movement

accessory movement

movement that could occur at a joint, but is not reliant on voluntary control

what are three barriers that can impede the movement?

1. bony restrictions

2. tissue limitation

3. elastic limit of the joint capsule and ligaments

hypermobility

occurs when there is an excess of joint motion

hypomobility

due to constraints of joint mobility

hypermobile joints are more vulnerable to what?

sprains, strains, swollen joints, recurrent injuries

what can cause hypomobility?

scarring of joint structures, chronically tight muscles, neurological compromise or other injury

sprain

most commonly refers to a stretch or tear of noncontractile tissue such as a ligament, joint capsules, cartilage or fascia

strain

involving stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon

end-feel

a palpable quality to the restriction of a joint

what are the four normal end-feels?

1. bony end-feel

2. soft tissue approximation end-feel

3. soft end-feel

4. ligamentous end-feel

bony end-feel

where two bones make contact

soft tissue approximation end-feel

happens when motion is restricted by tissue bumping against other tissue

soft end-feel

elastic sensation felt by the tension of muscle tissue

ligamentous end-feel

emanates from taut ligamentous and joint capsule tissues

what are the five pathological end-feels?

1. muscle guarding end-feel

2. capsular end-feel

3. boggy end-feel

4. spring block end-feel

5. empty end-feel

muscle guarding end-feel

stops abruptly with a rebound from hyperactivated muscles

capsular end-feel

reduced ROM

boggy end-feel

soft, spongy quality usually from excessive swelling in and around a joint

spring block end-feel

due to internal derangement of the joint

empty end-feel

when movement stops due to significant pain the client feels

what are the two different aspects of joint movement?

1. osteokinematics

2. arthrokinematics

osteokinematic motion

focuses on actions with respect to planes and axes

arthrokinematic motion

deals with small, unseen movement happening within the joint

what are the three different types of arthrokinematic motion that can occur at a joint?

roll, glide, spin

rolling, gliding and spinning motions do/do not occur independently

do not

kinetic chain

series of joints linked by an arrangement of muscles and bones along the pathway of movement

closed kinetic chain

occurs when the distal end of a limb remains fixed while proximal segments are mobilized

open kinetic chain

occurs when distal end of a limb is free to move and the proximal segments remain stationary

concave-convex role

• when a convex surface moves within a concave surface, it rotates in the opposite direction from the body segment that is moving

• when a concave surface moves around a convex surface, it rotates in the same direction as the body segment that is moving

close packed position

where synovial joint is most stable, where joint surfaces are congruent

open packed position

where joint surfaces are incongruent, where connective tissue structures are most lax and the joint cavity has the greatest volume

one factor that affects a joint’s ROM is the:

1. design of proximal and distal joints

2. shape of joint surfaces

3. quantity of surrounding joint tissue

4. length of articulating bones

2. shape of joint surfaces

which of the following will greatly determine a joint’s mobility?

1. circulation of blood

2. rigidity of bones

3. elasticity of the joint capsule

4. tensile strength of muscle

3. elasticity of the joint capsule

a joint’s physiological movement is defined as the:

1. movement a person can actively produce at an articulation

2. joint movement that is not actively generated by a client

3. length a person can passively move an articulation

4. range of motion that limits a joint

1. movement a person can actively produce at an articulation

a sprain is defined as a:

1. hypercontraction of fascial tissue

2. stretch or tear of muscle or tendon

3. stretch or tear of noncontractile tissues

4. hypercontraction of muscle tissue

3. stretch or tear of noncontractile tissues

when assessing movement, a soft end-feel is the

1. elastic sensation felt by the tension of muscle tissue

2. palpable quality of restriction when mobilizing a client’s joint

3. restriction sensed when bone comes into contact with bone

4. feeling tissue bumping against other tissues

1. elastic sensation felt by the tension of muscle tissue

which of the following are types of arthrokinematic motion?

1. spin, twist, roll

2. roll, glide, spin

3. glide, spin, flex

4. twist, glide, roll

2. roll, glide, spin