HTML, CSS, JavaScript A-level Computer science (OCR) 1.3.4 (a)

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Computer Science

A-Level Computer Science

OCR

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27 Terms

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What does HTML mean?

Hypertext Markup Language

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What is HTML?

A language used to create and structure webpages.

  • HTML allows the browser to interpret and render a webpage for the viewer by describing the structure and order of the webpage.

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How is HTML structured on a webpage?

There are two sections, the body and the head, the head contains the title of the webpage while and the body contains the content of the webpage.

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What does HTML use tags for?

It uses ‘tags’ to tell a browser how to display things like text, images and links.

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Name all main HTML tags

  • <html>

  • <body>

  • <link>

  • <head>

  • <title>

  • <h1>, <h2>, <h3>

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The <html> tag.

All code written within this these tags are interpreted as HTML.

<p>All code written within this these tags are interpreted as HTML.</p>
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The <body> tag.

Defines the content in the main content area of the webpage.

<p>Defines the content in the main content area of the webpage.</p>
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The <link> tag.

  • Used to link to additional files, including CSS stylesheets.

  • <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

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What does the “rel” attribute in the <link> tag mean?

It defines the linked file, for example rel = “stylesheet”, is linking stylesheet.

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What does the attribute href in the <link> tag mean?

The href attribute specifies the location of the external resource.

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What does the attribute href in the <a> tag mean?

The href tag specifies the URL that the link points to when it is clicked.

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The window heading tag.

  • <head>

  • Defines the browser tab or window heading area.

<ul><li><p>&lt;head&gt;</p></li><li><p>Defines the browser tab or window heading area.</p></li></ul>
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The <title> tag.

  • Defines the text that appears with the tab or window heading area.

<ul><li><p>Defines the text that appears with the tab or window heading area.</p></li></ul>
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The <h1>, <h2>, <h3> tags.

  • Heading styles in decreasing sizes from <h1> as the largest.

<ul><li><p>Heading styles in decreasing sizes from &lt;h1&gt; as the largest.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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The paragraph tag.

Used to define a paragraph separated with line space above and below.

<p>Used to define a paragraph separated with line space above and below.</p>
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The image tag.

  • Used for images.

  • A self closing tag ( doesn’t need </img>).

  • Follow img tag parameters must be used ( src = “source”, “width = x”, “height = y”)

<ul><li><p>Used for images.</p></li><li><p>A self closing tag ( doesn’t need &lt;/img&gt;).</p></li><li><p>Follow img tag parameters must be used ( src = “source”, “width = x”, “height = y”)</p></li></ul>
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The hyperlink tag.

  • An anchor tag that defines a hyperlink with the location parameter.

  • Laid out in the following form: <a href = “URL”> “link text”.

<ul><li><p>An anchor tag that defines a hyperlink with the location parameter.</p></li><li><p>Laid out in the following form: &lt;a href = “URL”&gt; “link text”.</p></li></ul>
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An ordered list

  • <ol>: Used to define an ordered list.

  • Each element within the list is defined using the <li> tag.

<ul><li><p>&lt;ol&gt;: Used to define an ordered list. </p></li><li><p>Each element within the list is defined using the &lt;li&gt; tag.</p></li></ul>
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An unordered list

Defines an unordered list. Each element in the list is defined using the <li> tag.

<p>Defines an unordered list. Each element in the list is defined using the &lt;li&gt; tag.</p>
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What are classes and identifiers?

  • They are css selectors.

  • They select elements that match a specific criteria and allows you to change their appearance.

<ul><li><p>They are css selectors.</p></li><li><p>They select elements that match a specific criteria and allows you to change their appearance.</p></li></ul>
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What are the differences between classes and identifiers?

  • Multiple classes can be used on a single element whereas only one identifier can be used on each element.

  • Classes can be applied to multiple elements on each page but identifiers can only be applied to one element per page.

  • Classes are great for consistent styling across parts of a web page whereas identifiers are ideal for situations where you need a unique style or function for a specific element.

  • Classes are referred to with a dot and identifiers are referred to with a hashtag.

<ul><li><p>Multiple classes can be used on a single element whereas only one identifier can be used on each element.</p></li><li><p>Classes can be applied to multiple elements on each page but identifiers can only be applied to one element per page.</p></li><li><p>Classes are great for consistent styling across parts of a web page whereas identifiers are ideal for situations where you need a unique style or function for a specific element.</p></li><li><p>Classes are referred to with a dot and identifiers are referred to with a hashtag.</p></li></ul>
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What is css?

  • CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

  • A language used to describe the style of a webpage.

  • CSS can be used to specify the way HTML elements look.

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What ways can css be used and what are the differences

  • Internal css and external css.

  • Internal css is placed inside the style tags and is entered directly into the HTML document.

  • External css is written in a separate document and a link to this style sheet is added to the HTML document.

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<p>What is the outcome of the application of this css code to the HTML displayed.</p>

What is the outcome of the application of this css code to the HTML displayed.

  • Background colour is white.

  • The fonts used: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif.

  • The font size would be 18 pixels.

  • The text would be centered.

<ul><li><p>Background colour is white.</p></li><li><p>The fonts used: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif.</p></li><li><p>The font size would be 18 pixels.</p></li><li><p>The text would be centered.</p></li></ul>
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What is JavaScript?

  • It is a language that primarily exists to provide interactivity to websites.

  • JavaScript is interpreted rather than compiled, this means web pages are interpreted each time they are loaded independent of the architecture of the pretty processor it is being loaded by.

  • It’s often used to validate user input.

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What are the advantages of using JavaScript?

  • Local computer can deal with invalid data before it is sent off to servers.

  • Eases the load on busy servers.

  • Reduces web traffic.

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What are the uses of JavaScript you should be aware of.

Changing the attributes of a HTML element:

  • chosenElement = document.getElementById( "example");

  • chosenElement.innerHTML = "Hello World";

Writing directly to the document:

  • document.write("Hello World");

Displaying an alert box:

  • alert("Hello World");