B2.2 Compartmentalization

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26 Terms

1
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What is compartmentalization?

Dividing a cell into sections or compartments, each with a specific job, surrounded by membranes.

2
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Why is compartmentalization important

Allows for:

-Increased rate of chemical reactions (higher concentration of enzymes & metabolites)

-Separation of incompatible processes

3
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What are organelles?

Discrete subunits of cells, membrane-bound in eukaryotes, with specific functions.

4
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Which structures are NOT organelles?

Cell wall, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm → Not membrane-bound, lack specific functions.

5
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Are ribosomes considered organelles?

Yes, but they are not membrane-bound.

Function: Synthesize proteins.

6
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What process occurs in the nucleus?

Transcription: DNA → pre-mRNA (contains exons & introns).

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What process occurs in the cytoplasm?

Translation: Ribosomes synthesize proteins from mRNA.

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What is splicing? (HL Only)

Definition: Removing introns from pre-mRNA to create mature mRNA (only in eukaryotes).

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What is the difference between exons and introns?

Exons: Useful genes, expressed as proteins.

Introns: Non-coding sequences, removed during splicing.

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What is the function of mitochondria?

Generates ATP by aerobic respiration (only in eukaryotes).

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What are the key features of mitochondria?

Outer membrane: Contains transport proteins.

-Inner membrane: Highly folded (cristae) → increases surface area for ATP production.

- Matrix: Contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle.

- Inter membrane space: Small volume, allowing rapid ion gradient formation.

- mDNA: Own mitochondrial DNA → gene expression.

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How do cristae enhance cellular respiration?

Increases surface area → More space for proteins involved in ATP production.

13
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What is found in the matrix and why is it important?

Contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle, which produces electron carriers for the electron transport chain.

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How does the intermembrane space aid ATP production?

Small volume allows gradients to build up quickly, driving ATP synthesis.

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What is the function of chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis (converting light energy into chemical energy).

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What are the three membranes in chloroplasts?

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Thylakoid membranes

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What are the structural similarities between mitochondria & chloroplasts?

Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Cristae → Increase SA Thylakoid membranes → Increase SA

Matrix → Contains enzymes Stroma → Contains enzymes

Intermembrane space →Allows ion gradients Thylakoid lumen → Allows ion gradients

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How do thylakoid membranes maximize light absorption?

Increased surface area → More space for pigments & enzymes.

-Stacked to reduce self-shading.

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What is the difference between the stroma and thylakoid membranes?

Stroma: Contains enzymes for the Calvin cycle.

Thylakoid membranes: Contain pigments & proteins for the light-dependent reactions.

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How does stroma compartmentalization assist the Calvin cycle?

Small volume → Higher concentration of enzymes & substrates →Faster reactions.

21
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What is the structure of the nucleus?

Double membrane → Protects DNA.

Outer membrane → Connected to rough ER.

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What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis from mRNA.

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What is the difference between free & bound ribosomes?

Free ribosomes →Synthesize proteins for the cell itself.

Bound ribosomes (on rough ER) → Synthesize proteins for secretion or membrane use.

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What are vesicles used for?

Transporting proteins & molecules inside the cell.

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Steps of protein processing:

1. Protein synthesis (ribosomes).

2. Processing in rough ER.

3. Transport in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

4. Modification & sorting in Golgi.

5. Vesicles transport final proteins to destination (inside or outside the cell).

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