Anatomy and Physiology final

Cards for anatomy and physiology final

Endocrine Organs?

Glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads.

Water vs. Lipid Hormones?

Water-soluble act on cell surface receptors; lipid-soluble act on intracellular receptors.

Functions of Aldosterone, GH, Insulin?

Aldosterone: Na+/K+; GH: growth/metabolism; Insulin: lowers blood glucose.

Hormones in Reproduction?

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, LH.

Blood Plasma?

Liquid part of blood; transports cells, nutrients, hormones, waste.

Formed Elements of Blood?

Red cells (O2), white cells (immune), platelets (clotting).

Stages of Hemostasis?

Vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation.

Heart Valves?

Atrioventricular (tricuspid, mitral); semilunar (pulmonary, aortic).

Blood Flow Through Heart?

Body → right atrium → tricuspid → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → lungs → left atrium → mitral → left ventricle → aortic valve → body.

Heart's Pacemaker?

Sinoatrial (SA) node.

Intercalated Discs?

Connections between cardiac cells with gap junctions and desmosomes.

Action Potential Spread in Heart?

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.

Mechanical Events of Cardiac Cycle?

Atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling.

Histology of Blood Vessels?

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.

Hormones Impacting Blood Pressure?

Aldosterone, adrenaline affect blood volume/resistance.

Long-Term BP Responses?

Blood volume regulation, vascular remodeling, cardiac output changes.

Venous Return?

Blood flow back to the heart via veins.

Capillary Exchange Events?

Diffusion, filtration, osmosis for nutrient/waste exchange.

Tonsil Locations?

Palatine, pharyngeal (adenoid), lingual.

Lymphatic System Components?

Lymph, nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils.

Lymphatic Ducts?

Large vessels draining lymph into venous circulation.

Cells in Lymph Node?

B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells.

Spleen Function?

Filters blood, recycles iron, supports immunity.

Thymic Selection?

T cell maturation and self-tolerance testing in thymus.

Antibody Actions?

Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation.

Physical/Chemical Immune Barriers?

Skin, mucous membranes (physical); enzymes, peptides (chemical).

Helper T-cells & APCs?

Helper T-cells activate B/cytotoxic T-cells; APCs present antigens to T-cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell Function?

Kills infected/cancerous cells.

Types of APCs?

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells.

Alveoli Structures?

Thin-walled air sacs for gas exchange.

Respiratory System Functions?

Gas exchange, pH regulation, vocalization.

Gas Exchange?

O2 in, CO2 out of blood.

Pulmonary Ventilation?

Air movement in/out of lungs.

Conduction & Respiratory Zones?

Conduction zone (airways); respiratory zone (alveoli).

Breathing Control?

Brainstem respiratory centers, chemoreceptor feedback.

Kidney Anatomy?

Cortex, medulla, pelvis, nephrons.

Nephron Structure?

Corpuscle (glomerulus, Bowman's capsule), tubules (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct).

Filtration in Kidneys?

Water/solutes move from blood to Bowman's capsule.

Reabsorption in Kidneys?

Water/solutes move from tubules back to blood.

Basic Steps of Urine Formation?

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion.

Micturition?

Expelling urine from bladder.

ADH & Aldosterone in Kidney?

ADH: ↑ water reabsorption; Aldosterone: ↑ sodium reabsorption.

Electrolyte Imbalances?

Abnormal electrolyte levels affect body functions.

Acids, Bases, Buffers?

Acids donate protons, bases accept, buffers resist pH changes.

Water Movement in Body?

Water moves via osmosis between intracellular/extracellular compartments.

Importance of Body Fluids?

Transport, waste removal, temperature/pH regulation.

Stomach Lining?

Mucosal layer secreting gastric juices, protecting stomach.

Bile Function?

Emulsifies fats for digestion/absorption.

Digestive Accessory Organs?

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

Small Intestine Hormone Secretion?

Secretin, cholecystokinin regulate digestion.

Parietal Cell Function?

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor in stomach.

Amylase Function?

Breaks down carbs into simpler sugars.

How Are Triglycerides Digested?

Lipases hydrolyze into fatty acids and glycerol.

Cholesterol Synthesis?

Body produces cholesterol, mainly in liver.

Lipid Transport?

Lipids move via lipoproteins in bloodstream.

Nutrient Definition?

Essential substance for growth/maintenance.

Body Temperature & Thyroid Hormone?

Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism, affecting temperature.

Triglyceride Function?

Energy storage, insulation, organ protection.

Fasting State?

Body uses stored energy due to no food intake.

Initiation of Puberty?

Sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristic development.

Ovulation Process?

Egg release from ovary.

Spermatogenesis Events?

Sperm cell development.

Ovarian Cycle Hormones?

Estrogen, progesterone.

Menopause?

Menstruation ceases, end of female reproductive capability.

Diploid vs. Haploid?

Diploid (2 sets chromosomes); haploid (1 set).

Onset of Puberty?

Biological process of sexual maturation and reproductive capability.