Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Pathopharmacology
study of drugs, their actions, dosage, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects
drug
substance that alters biological activity in a person, mimics natural endogenous chemical
pharmacodynamics
drug-induced responses of physiologic and biochemical systems, what the drug does to the body and how it does it
pharmacokinetics
drug movement through the body and what the body does to the drug
pharmacotherapeutics
choice and drug application for disease prevention, treatment, or diagosistoxi
toxicology
study of the body’s response to drugs, harmful effects, mechanisms of actions, symptoms, treatment, identification
Pharmacy
preparation, compounding, dispensing, and keeping of therapeutic drugs
indications
approved uses or conditions for which drug has been proved to be effective
contraindications
circumstances in which a drug should not be administered
side effects
mild, undesirable effects of a drug, even at the recommended dose (ex. nausea, vomiting), secondary effect that is desirable or undesirable
adverse or toxic effects
dangerous effects, cause significant tissue damage, or are life-threatening (drop in BP, liver failure, etc)
Hypersensitivity
allergic reaction, may be mild or result in anaphylaxis
Idiosyncratic
unusual responses (ex. increased excitement after sedative)
Iatrogenic
negative effect associated with administration of drug (medication error, overdose)
Teratogenic
harmful effect on fetus, developmental defects, drug capable of causing birth defects
synergism
drug combination is greater than the sum of effects of individual drugs (1+1=3)
antagonism
combination of drugs decreases the effect of each drug
potentiation
1 drug enhances the effect of a 2nd drug (ex. epinephrine + local anesthetics → prolonged anesthetics)
loading dose
larger dose administered initially to raise blood levels to an effective levels
sublingual
under tongue
buccal
between cheek and gum
elixirs
sweetened, hydro-alcoholic- used in preparation of oral liquid medications
emulsions
mix of 2 liquids not mutually soluble
suspensions
liquid in which particles are mixed but not dissolved
transdermal
patch placed on the skin- drug absorbed for systemic effect
topical
medication spread or painted over an area of skin with a moist dressing or exposed to air
Instillations
liquid medications administered as drops, ointments, or sprays (ex. eyedrops, eardrops, nasal sprays)
Inhalations
medications that provide drugs to lower respiratory tract via inhalation
Suppositories
solid medical preparation (different shape for different location- rectum, vagina, urethra…)
Parenteral Medications
injection, outside of the GI tract
Intradermal
local effect, shallow injection into dermis (location chosen so reaction can be observed)
Subcutaneous
systemic effect, into tissue between dermis and muscle (location has adequate fat pad size)
Intramuscular
systemic effect, injection into muscle (location chosen based on large muscle size and minimal nerves)
Intravenous
systemic effect, immediate effect, into peripheral veins
prescription
signed legal document that must include patient’s identity information, prescriber’s info, data, name and amount of drug, dosage, route and directions for use of drug, permission for additional quantities
Drug absorption
drug movement from GI tract into bloodstream
Disintegration
breakdown of oral drug form into small particles
Dissolution
combining small drug particles
Diffusion
drugs move across cell membrane from high to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion
carrier protein moves drug from high to low concentration
Active transport
requires a carrier and energy to move drug against a concentration gradient
Pinocytosis
cell carries drug across membrane by engulfing drug particles
Enteric-coated (EC) drugs
resist disintegration in the gastric acid of the stomach, disintegration doesn’t occur until drug reaches alkaline environment of small intestine (delayed effect)
First pass effect
some drugs are metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted, reducing the amount of active drug available to cause pharmacologic effect (in liver)
bioavailability
percent of administered drug available for activity- affected by absorption and first pass effect
free drugs
drugs that are able to exit blood vessels and reach action site for pharmacologic effect
blood-brain barrier
protects brain from foreign substances
drug metabolism (biotransformation)
process of body chemically changing drug into a form to be excreted, chemical alteration of drug structure
Cytochrome P450
enzymes in liver that play role in metabolism
prodrug
compound metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance
half-life
time for drug to be reduced by half
steady state
plates drug level, same amount of drug being administered as excreted
direct penetration
drug goes directly through the cell membrane (must be lipid-soluble), most common
channels and pores
allows for small compounds, such as K and Na, to enter cell
transport system
protein that moves drugs through the cell membrane
Enteral
via the GI tract
polar molecules
no net charge, unevenly distributed
ions
molecules with a positive or negative net charge, unable to cross membranes
Distribution
movement of drugs throughout the body
movement of drugs at capillary beds
lipid-soluble- pass between the through cells
ionized or polar- cannot pass through cells, but can pass between
movement at blood brain barrier
ionized or polar molecules- pass only through a transport system
lipid-soluble- can pass through cell but not between because of tight junctions
placental drug movement
only lipid-soluble drugs can pass through
Excretion
removal of drugs from body
Glomerular filtration
moves drugs from blood to tubular urine; protein bound drugs remain in blood
passive tubular reabsorption
lipid-soluble drugs go back into blood, ions and polar compounds remain in urine
active tubular secretion
pumps for organic acids and bases from blood to urine
breast milk
a non renal route for drug excretion, lipid-soluble drugs pass readily, while polar, ionized, or protein bound drugs do not cross
bile
a non renal route for drug excretion, drugs are secreted into small intestines and excreted through feces
lungs
a non renal route for drug excretion, volatile anesthetics
Minimum effective concentration (MEC)
bare minimum amount of drugs for therapeutic effect
Toxic concentration
plasma level where toxic effects begin
Therapeutic range
range between MEC and toxic concentration
primary effect
desirable effect
secondary effect
effect that is desirable or undesirable
Dose-Response Relationship
body’s physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action
Potency
amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug
Maximal efficacy
point at which increasing a drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response
Therapeutic index
relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug (ED50) and the toxic dose of a drug (TD50) (difference b/w these 2 points)
ED50
dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the population
TD50
dose of a drug that produces a toxic response in 50% of the population
Therapeutic range
range of doses that produce a therapeutic response without causing significant adverse effect in patients
onset
time it takes for a drug to reach the MEC after administration
peak
when drug reaches highest concentration in the blood
duration of action
length of time the drug elicits a therapeutic effect
trough drug level
lowest plasma concentration of a drug- measures rate at which a drug is eliminated
cell-membrane embedded enzymes
type of receptor with LBD on the surface, drug is activated inside the cell
ligand-gated ion channels
type of receptor, ions flow in and out (Na, Ca)
G-protien coupled receptor system
type of receptor system in which the drug activates a receptor, receptor activates G protein, and G protein causes an effect
transcription factors
type of receptor in cell nucleus on the DNA, regulates protein synthesis
ligand-binding domain
site on the receptor at which drugs bind
agonist
activate receptors and produce desired response, drugs that produce the same response as the endogenous substance
partial agonists
elicit only moderate activity when binding to receptors, prevent receptor activation by other drugs, response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist
antagonist
molecules that produce their effects by preventing receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs
nonspecific drug
drugs that affect multiple receptor sites, but same type of receptor
nonselective
drugs that affect multiple different receptors
stimulation
enhances intrinsic activity
depression
decreases neural activity and bodily functions
irritation
noxious effect
replacement
replaces essential body compounds
cytotoxic action
kill invading parasites or cancers