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Ascertainment bias
When data collection methods favor certain groups over others, leading to a skewed sample.
Cross-sectional design
Comparing different groups at a single point in time, as opposed to tracking individuals over time (longitudinal design).
Domino causality
A chain reaction where an effect becomes a cause, creating a sequence of events.
Double-blind testing
Neither researchers nor participants know who receives which treatment, preventing bias.
Ecological fallacy
Assuming that individuals in a group share all traits based on a single common trait.
Longitudinal study
Research tracking individuals over time through observations, interviews, or testing.
Meta-analysis
Combining data from multiple studies to produce a comprehensive conclusion.
Outcomes-based research
Focuses on how treatments and interventions impact health results.
Participant attrition
The dropout rate of participants in a study, often problematic in long-term research.
Placebo effect
When an inactive treatment causes real improvements due to belief in the treatment.
Process-based research
Examines how treatments and interventions impact health over time rather than just the final results.
Prospective research
Collects early-life data and tracks participants over time to study correlations.
Single-blind testing
Researchers know the treatment assignments, but participants do not, reducing placebo effects while allowing experimental control.
