2.1 - Vertebral Column and Back Musculature

Skeleton

Structural support that provides system of levels for muscular movement as well as protects soft tissue organs

Appendicular skeleton

Consists of the limbs and girdles, pelvis, scapula, and clavicle

Axial skeleton

Consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

spinous process

Identify

Lamina

Identify

Transverse process

Identify

Pedicle

Identify

body

Identify

Neural arch

Identify

Transverse and caudal foveae

Cervical

Which region of the vertebral column

Thoracic

Which region of the vertebral column

Lumbar

Which region of the vertebral column

Sacral

Which region of the vertebral column

Ligaments

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Limits excessive movement across joints

What is the main function of ligaments

Supraspinous ligament

Ligament that connects spinous processes of vertebra and limits excessive flexion

Interspinous ligament

Ligament that connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae located in-between the spinous processes

Dorsal longitudinal ligament

Ligament locates dorsally on the vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal and connects vertebral bodies and limits disk herniation

Ventral longitudinal ligament

Ligament locates ventrally on the vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal and connects vertebral bodies and limits disk herniation

Nuchal ligament

specialized part of the supraspinous ligament that supports much of the mass of the head without muscular effort

True

T/F - cats lack the supraspinous and nuchal ligaments

Supraspinous ligament

A

Interspinous ligament

B

Dorsal longitudinal ligament

C

Ventral longitudinal ligament

D

Joints

A point where two bones articulate and can firmly unite bone or allow for specific (sterotypical and predicable) movements between bones

Intervertebral discs

Located between vertebral bodies and is compressible, able to absorb shock, and allows movement in different axes

Vertebral foramen

Large opening within each vertebra of the spinal column which collectively form the vertebral canal

Intervertebral foramen

Smaller openings located between adjacent vertebrae formed by the notches on the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and pedicles

Annulus fibrosis

Concentric rings of fibrocartilage that lines the outer layer of an intervertebral disc

Nucleus pulposis

Central core of the intervertebral disc that is semifluid at birth but becomes jelly like

Annulus fibrosis

Identify

nucleus pulposus

Identify (red arrow)

Dorsal and ventral roots

join to form spinal nerves

Dorsal rami

Branch of the spinal nerve that travels dorsally and applies innervation to the intrinsic back muscles

Ventral rami

Branch of the spinal nerve that travels ventrally

Dorsal root ganglion

A cluster of sensory neurons located outside the CNS

Epaxial muscles

Muscles dorsal to the spinal cord that are responsible for posture, stabalizing the trunk, and locomotion

Hypaxial muscles

Muscles ventral to the spinal cord and contribute to limb movement

Origin

The proximal end of a muscle that is fixed during contraction

Insertion

The distal end of a muscle that attaches to the mobile part of the bone

Cutaneous trunci

A thin superficial sheet of skeletal muscle that lies just beneath the skin and twitches the skin

Cutaneous trunci

Identify

Trapezius

Identify

Latissimus dorsi

Identify

Serratus dorsalis

Identify

Iliocostalis

identify

Iliocostalis

Which of the major intrinsic back muscles is most lateral to the spine

Longissimus

Identify

Spinalis

Identify

Semispinalis

Identify

Splenius

Identify

Thoracolumbar fascia

Deep and dense fascia that give attachment to multiple muscle groups and provide stability and support to the caudal lumbar region

Thoracolumbar fascia

Identify

The muscles of the limbs and the ventral trunk

What fundamental muscles group is innervated by the ventral rami

Intrinsic back muscles

What fundamental muscles group is innervated by the dorsal rami

Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Which movements are generated by the errector spinae muscles

Hyperextension

The ventral longitudinal ligament prevents excessive movement of what type?

Spinal nerve

What would be found in the intervertebral foramen

Cutaneous trunci

What muscle is innervated by the lateral thoracic nerve