BB CYTOKINES Lecture 6

What are Cytokines?

These are CHEMICAL MESSENGERS of the IMMUNE SYSTEM

What are Cytokines made up of and what kind of cells release them?

SOLUBLE PROTEINS, released by IMMUNE CELLS

What 4 things can cytokines help to control?

1. Inflammation

2. Immune responses

3. Cell growth & differentiation

4. RBC production

What are the 5 major CYTOKINE GROUPS?

1. Interleukins (ILs)

2. Interferons (IFNs)

3. Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs)

4. Chemokines

5. Growth Factors

What is Autocrine?

SAME CELL

Cytokine is released by a cell and interacts with the SAME CELL

What is Paracrine?

NEARBY CELLS

Cell releases cytokine and the cytokine acts on a LOCAL CELL

What is Endocrine?

DISTANT CELLS

Cytokine released INTO BLOOD STREAM

TRAVELS to distant target cells

What are the 4 properties of CYTOKINES

1. Pleiotropy

2. Redundancy

3. Synergy

4. Antagonism

What is Pleiotropy?

ONE cytokine MULTIPLE actions

What is Redundancy?

DIFFERENT cytokines producing the SAME EFFECT

What is Synergy?

TWO or more cytokines ENHANCE EACHOTHER’S effects

What is Antagonism?

A cytokine INHIBITS or COUNTERACTS the effect of another cytokine

What does Interleukin 1 (IL-1) function in?

INFLAMMATION

Promoting FEVER

INNATE

What does Interleukin 2 (IL-2) function in?

Stimulating T CELL PRODUCTION

What does Interleukin 6 (IL-6) function in?

Promotes the ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

What is the main function of the Interferons (IFNs)?

ANTIVIRAL, viruses fear interferons

Which is the type 1 IFNs?

alpha and beta

• Antiviral

• Increased MHC1

• NATURAL KILLER CELLS

What are the two types of Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs)?

• TNF-alpha

  • INFLAMMATION + apoptosis, SEPTIC SHOCK

• TNF-beta

  • Involved with LYMPH

What is the main function of Transforming Growth Factor-beta? (TGF-beta)

Inhibits/regulates the immune system

What is the main function of Chemokines?

DIRECT immune cell MIGRATION

Attract monocytes, neutrophils and T cells to infection sites

Which Growth Factors are associated with RBC production?

EPO

Which growth factor is associated with stem cell growth?

Interleukin 3 (IL-3)

Which Cytokines are part of the INNATE Immunity?

• IL-1

• IL-6

• TNF-alpha

• IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

Which cytokines are part of the ADAPTIVE Immunity?

• Th1

  • Cell mediated

• Th2

  • Humoral Immunity

• Th17

  • Inflammatory Response

• Treg

  • Immune Regulation

How do cytokines direct T-helper cell differentiation?

Cytokine signal = what a CD4+ T cell becomes

What is a Cytokine storm?

EXCESS cytokine production

Seen in Ebola, flu, and sepsis

What are TNF blockers?

Block inflammatory cytokines to reduce inflammation