Untitled Flashcards Set

Constructivist view

Constructivist view

A perspective on cognitive development where children play an active role and construct an understanding of the world.

Schemas

Cognitive structures that help organize and understand information.

Object permanence

Knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

A-not-B task

An experimental task assessing object permanence wherein infants fail to find an object hidden in a different location after repeated hiding.

Violation of expectancy procedure

An experimental method where infants show surprise when observing an event that conflicts with their expectations.

Dynamic systems theorists

Researchers who emphasize that performance on cognitive tasks is influenced by the surrounding context and sensory feedback.

Empiricism

The view that knowledge is gained through sensory experience and interaction with the environment.

Nativism

The view that certain skills or abilities are hard-wired into the brain at birth.

Information processing theory

A perspective that treats the mind as a complex computing system, focusing on how people process, store, and retrieve information.

Core-knowledge theory

The idea that infants come equipped with a set of innate cognitive capabilities that allow for quick understanding of important concepts.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in language.

Cooing

The early stage of speech development when infants produce vowel-like sounds, typically starting at 6-8 weeks.

Babbling

The production of repetitive consonant-vowel combinations by infants, occurring around 6-10 months.

Holophrases

One-word utterances used by infants to express a complete idea.

Telegraphic speech

Two-word combinations used by children to convey meaning, omitting less critical words.

Speech segmentation

The process by which infants learn to identify individual words within continuous speech.

Distributional properties of language

Patterns in language that help infants recognize word boundaries and meanings based on frequency and statistical relationships.

Gaze following

The ability to follow another person’s gaze to infer where they are looking and what they may be thinking.

Theory of mind

The understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and desires distinct from one's own.

False-belief task

A test to assess a child's understanding that others can have beliefs about the world that are incorrect.

Altruistic motivation

The desire to help others without any expectation of benefit to oneself.

Social cognition

The process of understanding and interpreting social interactions, intentions, and behaviors.

Vicarious reinforcement

Learning that occurs through observing the consequences of others’ behavior.

Contextual factors

Environmental and situational influences that shape cognitive development and behavior.

Statistical learning

The capacity to deduce patterns and regularities from the environment to facilitate learning.

Served and return interactions

Responsive exchanges between parents and children that support cognitive and emotional development.

Moral development

The process by which children learn to understand concepts of right and wrong, fairness, and justice.

Imitation

The ability to replicate the actions of others, often crucial for the learning of new skills.

Social evaluation

The process by which infants choose between individuals based on their behavior towards others.

Perceptual narrowing

A developmental process wherein infants become less able to discriminate between similar sounds that are not part of their native language.

Head-turn preference procedure

An experimental technique used to study infants' recognition and discrimination of sounds.

Cross-situational word-learning

A hypothesis that posits infants learn word-object mappings by recognizing the same object across different contexts.

Syntactic bootstrapping

Utilizing the arrangement of words in sentences to infer meanings or categories of words.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Social cuing

Using social cues, like gestures and eye gaze, to understand language and behavior.

Conversational babbling

A stage of babbling that mimics the rhythm and patterns of a conversation.

Conditional reasoning

A form of deductive reasoning that involves if-then propositions.

Social referencing

The process by which infants look to caregivers for cues on how to respond to unfamiliar situations.

Moral emotions

Feelings such as guilt or shame that contribute to moral development.

Imitative learning

Learning by observing and replicating the actions of others.

Prosocial behavior

Voluntary actions intended to benefit others.

Gaze as a referential cue

Using the direction of another person's gaze to gather contextual information about objects or events.

Self-concept

A sense of one's identity and personal worth.

Cultural transmission

The process through which culture is passed from one generation to the next.

Visual perspective-taking

The ability to understand that others may see an object differently based on their viewpoint.

Attentional bias

A tendency for individuals to focus on certain types of stimuli over others.

Nonverbal cues

Communications without words, including body language and facial expressions.

Role-play

Acting out or performing the role of a character to learn social interactions.

Imaginary companions

Fictitious friends created by children, often used for imaginative play.

Joint attention

When two individuals use gestures and gaze to share focus on an object.

Social norms

Expected standards of behavior and beliefs within a society.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to identify, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.

Verbal ability

The capacity to use language effectively and understand its complexities.

Self-regulation

The ability to manage emotions, behaviors, and body movement when faced with difficult situations.

Theory of mind training

Interventions aimed at improving a child's understanding of others' mental states.

Peer relationships

Connections and interactions between individuals of similar age or maturity.

Prosocial development

The growth of behaviors that benefit others.

Cognitive flexibility

The ability to adapt one's thinking to new and unexpected conditions.

Understanding of intentions

Comprehending the reasons behind others' actions.

Social learning theory

A theory suggesting that people learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling.

Attachment theory

The theory that a strong emotional and physical bond to one primary caregiver is critical to personal development.

Emotional responsiveness

The ability to react appropriately to emotional stimuli.

Shared attention

The experience of focusing on the same object or event as another person.

Cognitive schemas

Frameworks that help organize and interpret information.

Behavioral adaptation

Changes in behavior in response to new experiences.

Social perception

The processes by which people form impressions of and make inferences about other individuals.

Contextual learning

A style of learning that occurs within the environment in which it will be applied.

Interactive learning

Learning that takes place through engaging with others.

Independent play

Play that children engage in alone, not involving interaction with others.

Play-based learning

A teaching method that uses play to promote learning.

Empathetic understanding

The skill of seeing things from another's viewpoint and feeling compassion.

Collaborative learning

Learning that occurs through collaboration with peers.

Language development

The process by which children come to understand and communicate language.

Adaptive behavior

Skills and behaviors that enable a person to meet the demands of everyday life.

Social anxiety

The fear or apprehension of social situations.

Competence motivation

The drive to engage in activities that will increase one's abilities.

Inductive reasoning

Generalizing from specific instances to form a general conclusion.

Cognitive development

The progression of thinking abilities throughout childhood and into adulthood.

Affective development

The development of feelings and emotions.

Linguistic ability

The capacity to use languages.

Cultural factors

Elements that influence an individual's behaviors and beliefs based on their cultural background.

Moral reasoning

The process of determining right from wrong.

Transitional probabilities

The likelihood that one sound will follow another in a sequence, helping infants segment words.

Social comparison

Evaluating oneself against others to gauge personal worth.

Cross-cultural comparison

Analyzing the differences and similarities between cultures.

Biological factors

Genetic or physiological influences on behavior and development.

Emotional development

The emergence and maturation of an individual's emotional capacity.

Resilience

The ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change.

Play therapy

A therapeutic approach that uses play techniques to help children express their feelings.

Cultural context

The setting in which a cultural practice takes place and how it influences behavior.

Neuroscientific perspectives

Insights derived from studying the brain concerning behavior and cognitive processes.

Expressive language

The ability to express thoughts and feelings verbally.

Receptive language

The ability to understand language and spoken information.

Peer influence

The effect that peers have on an individual's attitudes or behaviors.

Emotional literacy

The ability to recognize, understand, and express emotions.

Experiential learning

Learning through action rather than theoretical knowledge.

Language exposure

The amount and variety of language a child hears; crucial for language development.

Cross-modal perception

The integration of information from different sensory modalities.

Under which condition(s) did the infants look longer?

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