Studied by 371 peopleThe perception associated with the amplitude of a sound wave is?
loudness
The term absolute threshold refers to the _ intensity of a stimulus that must be present for stimulus to be detected.
smallest
The vestibular system is primarily responsible for:
processing location and motion; problems would make it difficult to balance.
The _ threshold refers to the smallest amount of stimulation required to discriminate one stimulus from another.
difference
Rods are related to vision in _ situations.
dimly lit
Which of the following is the best synonym for sensation?
reception
Much of the visual-recognition areas of the brain are located along the ventral pathway also known as?
the "What" pathway
The blind spot is the place on the retina where _?
the optic nerve leaves the eye toward the brain
The smallest intensity at which you are able to detect a stimulus refers to the?
absolute threshold
The _ is important in that it functions to collect and amplify sound.
outer ear
The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance - a skill known as depth perception - is largely a result of?
binocular disparity
Sensation begins when
energy stimulates a receptor cell in a sense organ
"We all see things - but we _ differently".
percieve
Transduction
the conversion of physical energy into neural signals
Perception
the brain's interpretation of sensory information, giving it meaning; knowing what you saw
Sensory thresholds
the limits of our ability to sense stimuli in the environment
Absolute threshold
the smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
We have one _ for each sense.
absolute threshold
Signal detection
method for studying the ability to correctly identify sensory stimuli.
Difference threshold (just noticeable difference)
out ability to detect the smallest change in stimulation
The ability to see a candle flame from 30 miles away and can distinguish represents what Law?
Weber's Law
Weber's Law
the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) is a proportion of the original stimulus
What are the two approaches to perceiving the world?
Bottom-up processing and Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing
recognizing and processing information from individual components to build a perception of the whole stimuli
Ex. Person is trying to learn a new language and has to think of the meaning of the word to process and make sentences. This represents what type of processing?
Bottom-up processing
Top-down processing
perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experiences, expectations, and motivations.
Ex. A native English speaking individual doesn't need to thing about the meaning of words. This represents what type of processing?
Top-down processing
Sensory adaptation
decrease in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant stimulation
Over time becoming accustomed to fan sound in room is an example of?
Sensory adaptation
After being told what inaudible sound says, you are able to now identify it because of _?
our expectations of reality
Ex. When being told to count how many basketball passes are made throughout the video, you completely ignore the moonwalking bear that passes by. This is because of what?
Inattentional blindness
Binocular disparity
allows for slightly different views from each eye
Ex. Viewing our finger with one eye changes our perspective. This is an example of _?
binocular disparity
Inattentional blindness states that things that we don't see, don't _.
exist
Binocular vision
provides 3D and depth cues based on different views from two eyes
Types of photoreceptors?
rods and cones
We have two eyes so that we can use _.
depth perception
Function of photoreceptors?
transduce light into electrical signals
Rods are sensitive to _ but not to _?
light/color
Cones are _-sensitive and respond to _?
light/color
Depth perception allows us to?
perceive distance and view the world in 3D
Location of photoreceptors?
retina
Order of visual pathway through brain? (4)
optic nerve to optic chasm to thalamus to primary visual cortex
Cones function in what type of lighting?
light areas
Carries electrical signals to brain
Optic nerve
Signals are transported to the _ and _ lobes for further processing in the _ association cortex.
temporal/parietal/visual
Rods function in what type of lighting?
low light or dark areas
Extrastriate body area
understands and recognizes different body parts
Agnosia
inability to perceive stimuli
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
Occurs when you go from a dark movie theatre to the afternoon sun?
Light adaptation
Known as the "Where" pathway?
Dorsal pathway
Prosopagnosia occurs because of failure of the _?
Fusiform face area
Perception takes place where?
visual association cortex
_ are activated when dark adaption occurs
rods
Occurs when you go from the afternoon sun into a dark movie theatre?
Dark adaptation
Fusiform face area
interprets and recognizes faces
_ are activated when light adaption occurs
cones
Trichromatic theory of color vision states that we have?
three different color-sensitive cells
What are the S-cones of the Trichromatic theory?
blue-violet colors
What are the M-cones of the Trichromatic theory?
green colors
What are the two major theories of color vision?
Trichromatic theory and Opponent-process theory
What are the L-cones of the Trichromatic theory?
red-yellow colors
Trichromatic theory: We can see so many colors because of the _ of stimuli.
combination
Opponent-process theory of color vision
two pairs of basic colors work in opposition to each other
Opponent-process theory colors
blue-yellow/red-green/black-white
Colors of the Opponent-process theory can't _.
can't exist together
Which theory of color vision best explain after images?
Opponent-process theory
Why are some people colorblind?
damaged cones
The perceptual attributes of sound (3)
loudness/pitch/timbre
Loudness (amplitude) refers to the _ sensation.
pressure
Pitch refers to?
frequency of sound waves
Timbre refers to?
distinction
Sound
movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration
Outer ear
detects direction of sound
Pinna
Outermost portion of the ear
Auditory canal
Tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear
Cornea
transparent layer in front of the eye
Pupil
Opening in the middle of the iris
Retina
Cell layer in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors
Photo activation
when light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) is where what occurs?
sound vibration
Ossicles (middle ear)
three bones in the ear where vibration is transported to the cochlea
Inner ear (cochlea) is the location of
receptor cells
Auditory hair cells
receptors in the cochlea that transduce sound into electrical potentials
Basilar membrane
converts sound waves into neural activity
What causes sound waves to be converted into neural activity?
movement of fluid in cochlea deforms the hair cells of basilar membrane
Cochlear nerve
transfers auditory information from cochlea to the brain
Primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
processes complex auditory signals
Semicircular canals
fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that help with balance
What is vertigo?
issues with balance
Mechanoreceptors
mechanical sensory receptors in the skin that respond to stimulation
Primary somatosensory cortex
area of cortex involved in processing somatosensory stimuli
Somatotopic map
helps determine different touches in different areas of the body
What are phantom limbs?
vivid sensations coming from the missing limb
Why are smell and taste chemical senses?
because we have to interpret chemical stimuli to smell or taste something
Olfactory epithelium
where receptors are located
Odorants
chemicals transduce by olfactory receptors
Anosmia
loss of ability to smell
Taste receptor cells
receptors that transduce taste information
Note
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