Locomotor appartus

What is osteology?

it's the osteogenesis, classification of bones and bone structure

What is the Arthrology ?

it's the arthrogenesis, the joint classification and joint elements. But also the joint biomechanics

What is the myology ?

it's the myogenesis, the types and classification of the muscle and how they are organised

What are the muscle accesory structures ?

Can be the fasciae, tendon/ fibrous sheath, the synovial bursa and sheath

What forms the somites ?

the sclerotome (bone and cartilage), the myotome ( the muscle) and the dermatome ( skin and subcutaneous tissue)

What is the function of the locomotor appartus ?

- carry out the body movement
-organ protection
- mineral reserve
-production of blood in the bone marrow
- heat production

what compose the axial region ?

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

what compose the thoracic limb ?

the forelimb

What compose the pelvic limb?

the hindlimb

What is hematopoiesis?

The formation of new blood cell

What is the function of the skeleton ?

support the weight and give protection

give an example of a long, short and flat bone ?

-femur
-carpal
-scapula

give an example of a irregular and sesamoid bone

-vertebrae
-patella

what origin and the end of a tendon ?

muscle to a bone

What the origin and the end of a ligament ?

bone to bone

give the structure of a bone

-osseous/bone tissue
-cartilage
-periosteum
-bone marrow
-vessels and nerves

What is the most proximal cartilage of a bone ?

articular cartilage

where can we found the medullary cavity ?

in the middle of the bone, it's surrounded by compact bone

Where is located the growth plate or epiphyseal line ?

It's the area of cartilage near the end of long bones in young animals, it stops growing after 1 year

Why we need to be careful while looking at a paw x-ray in young animals?

because we can mistake the growth plate with a broken bone

What is the periosteum?

the tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone

What is the proximal epiphysis

end of the bone closest to the body trunk

What is the diaphysis?

shaft of a long bone

What is the distal epiphysis ?

end farthest from trunk of a bone

What kind of bone marrow can we find inside a long bone ?

yellow bone marrow

What are the two types of bone tissue ?

compact and spongy

What is the primary bone development direct ?

When the bone is formed without using a cartilagenous tissue

Give an example of a direct primary development bone

skull

What is the primary bone development indirect ?

transform a cartilagenous model into bone

Give an example of a indirect primary development bone

long bone

What is the secondary ossification ?

It's when the "immature" primary bone is replaced by osteoclast action into "mature" bone tissue

Give an example of mature bone

the lamellar bone, improves the mechanic function

What is bone remodeling?

it's the dev of osteoclasts and osteocytes, the goal is to store minerals and reorganize the bone architecture

What are the two types of cartiage tissue?

- articular cartilage
-epiphyseal cartilage

Articular cartilage ?

in the joint, surround the articular surface of the bone

epiphyseal cartilage

The cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone

Periosteum function

protects and supports

endosteum function

bone growth, repair, and remodeling

What are the 3 types of bone marrow ?

- red (young animal hematopoiesis)
- yellow (fat storage)
- grey

Where can we found red bone marrow ?

in the sternum ribs skull base vertebrae and flat bones

What are the vessels in the afferent system ?

- nutrients arteries
-epiphysis and metaphysis
-periosteal arteries

What are the vessels in the efferent system ?

the veins

origin and end of veins ?

body to lungs

origin and end of arteries

lungs to body

nerves can be what ?

- vasomotors nerves fibers
-sensitive nerves fibers

fibrous joints ?

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together, no movment

Where can we find fibrous joint ?

Between tibia and fibula, between the teeth and alviolar bone and in the sutures of the skull

What are the 3 differents types of fibrous joint ?

syndesmosis, gomphosis and sutures

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints ?

- synhondroses (hyaline cartilage)
-symphysis ( firbocartilage)

synovial joints

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions, filled with synovial fluid

caracteristics of synovial joint ?

-articular cartilage
-joint cavity
-joint capsule
-ligaments

plane joint

intervertebral joint

where is located the condylar joints elipsoidal ?

in the knee

Where is located the hinge joint ?

Fetlock joint and metacarpal joint.

cochlear joint

hock joint of the horse

sledge joint

femoropatellar joint

pivot joint

the joint axis is parallel to the long axis of the bones (atlantoaxial joint)

saddle joint

interphalangeal joints.

ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

ellipsoidal joint

beetwen the occipital joint and the first cervial vertebra.

gliding movment

angular modification movement : flexion extension

angular axial distance modification : abduction aduction

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

Pronation

turning the palm downward

anteversion

turning forward

retroversion

turning backward

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

what is the muscle hilium ?

he provide vascularization to the muscle and the nerves

what is a fasciae ?

Can be superficial or deep, surrounds the muscle

What is a fibrous sheaths?

they support the fascia, tendon, and keep enerything joined to a bone

What is a synovial bursas ?

it's a sac filled with synovial fluid, it's for protection

What is a synovial tendon sheaths?

it's a special sinovial bursa