UVU Psychology 1010 Exam 2

What is learning?

The permanent change in behavior by exposure.

What is Habituation?

Learning from repeated exposure to stimuli in result, it decreases the responsiveness to stimuli...Example is Alarm clock

What is Classical Conditioning?

Reflexive/involuntary response- the association of two stimuli in the environment..(author is Ivan Pavlov, framework has a Unconditioned response, Conditioned response, Conditioned stimuli, and Unconditioned Stimuli)

Law of affect

stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.(operant and classical conditioning), authored by Edward Thorndike

Example for Classical Conditioning

Jaws music; Unconditioned stimulus (shark), Conditioned stimulus(music), Unconditioned response (with shark is fear), conditioned response (with music now is fear)

Pavlov's work? What was it?

Studies with Dogs’ behaviors especially with salivation and food, did classical conditioning on them, Unconditioned Stimuli is Food, Conditioned Stimuli is the Bell, Unconditioned response is Salivating, Conditioned response is Salivating when they hear the bell

Who was Little Albert?

Toddler that was experimented on, Had a mouse in his hand, scientist made a loud noise behind him, Albert became scared of the mouse.

What type of learning did Little Albert experience?

Classical Conditioning; (Unconditioned stimuli=noise, Unconditioned response=fear, Conditioned stimuli=rat, Conditioned response=fear when see rat)

Extinction and spontaneous recovery

In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone without an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually cease. For example, in Pavlov's classic research, a dog was conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. When the bell was presented repeatedly without the presentation of food, the salivation response eventually became extinct. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.Spontaneous recovery demonstrates that extinction is not the same thing as unlearning. While the response might disappear, that does not meant that it has been forgotten or eliminated. .....In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a response is no longer reinforced following a discriminative stimulus

Operant conditioning

responses is voluntary to condition instead of reflexive. sometimes referred to as instrumental learning, is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior. It encourages the subject to associate desirable or undesirable outcomes with certain behaviors

Stimulus Generalization

Dog and the bell or Albert and Rabbit, pairing similar stimuli and putting it with the same response- white rat and white rabbit= fear

Discrimination for Pavlov’s work

Learning over time that the whistle means food

Positive REINFORCEMENT

Something being added, it is good for you, makes you more likely to do the behavior again, example is boss giving a higher wage for you working so hard

Negative REINFORCEMENT

taking away something, it is good for you, makes you more likely to do the behavior again, example is parent taking away a chore to reward child

Positive PUNISHMENT

Adding something, it is punishing you, makes you are likely NOT to do the behavior again, example is getting a ticket

Negative PUNISHMENT

taking something away, it is punishing you, makes you are likely NOT to do the behavior again, example is someone towing your car

Essential reinforcer

Primary-Food, water, and shelter…. Secondary-pat on the back, money (individual)

Tonin experiment

did the work with the mice in the maze, the type of learning is Latent Learning

Procrastination

What are the consequences? Stress, you don't get things done, alters your ability to be successful.

All the types of Procrastination

Dreamers(Giant goals they set for themselves.).. Worriers (Focus on the worst case scenario and focus on the problem more than the solution.).. Defiers (Resist new tasks or promise to do them and then don’t follow through.)...Overdoers (Create extra work for themselves by not delegating tasks and neglecting to set priorities.)... Perfectionists(fear of making mistakes or that it’s not good enough.)

What can we do to stop Procrastination?

let feelings follow action- action generates motivation by the heart strings is an inspiration to act now, set goals that excite or tie to values ....choose to work under pressure- use selectively....think ahead- take action...create goals that draw you forward, that grab you.... When to study; -harder subjects first...-time of day...-Library vs. bed...Ways to handle the rest of the world -Roomates and Technology

Maslow? What's his perspective? What's the ultimate goal according to Maslow? What are the stages of change?

Precontemplation (no intention to change, may be referred by others, but disagree)... Contemplation(-thinking about the problem, but no commitment to do so, evaluating options, can remain in this stage for long periods of time).....Preparation(person intends to take action, makes small behavior changes, moves forward, sets goals and priorities. Select another plan of action)....Action(actively modifying their own behavior/environment to overcome problem, takes a lot of time and energy)

Projective tests?

Understanding personality and peoples thinking. school of thought these tests tie back to is the Psychodynamic approach. use abstract pictures and ask questions about them to see perspective of the person

What's the purpose of a projective test?

To tap feelings and beliefs of which people are unaware (unconscious)

Are there benefits to Projective tests? what are they?

TAT (for example) is stronger with respect to personality characteristics such as concern with affiliation versus achievement.

Two fundamental elements for a good test?

Validity and reliability, make sure it is measurable too

Rorschach test

Is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.[4] The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach.

What is PERSONALITY INVENTORY?

a character evaluation tool which generally contains a sequence of statements covering multiple different characteristics and behavioral trends to which the involved party reacts by fixed responses, like false, true, never, sometimes, often, or always. The scoring of these examinations are objective, and the results are perceived in accordance with standardized norms.

What is the SELF? What are self concepts? Examples

The “self” refers to a pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions that we perceive in our own minds.

Self Concepts

much like a list of characteristics one identifies with the self. Examples are demographic characteristics, personality traits, relationships with others, abilities, roles, physical characteristics, etc.

What is self-esteem?

reflects a person's overall emotional evaluation of his or her own worth, judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self, encompasses beliefs (for example, "I am competent," "I am worthy") and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame.

Individualistic

gives priority to personal goals (as opposed to the goals of a group or society). In addition, individualists tend to define their own identities according to their own personal behaviors and attributes. examples are america, canada, britain

Collectivist

focuses on the priorities of the group and not the individual, people identify themselves with the goals of the group much more so than the goals of individuals, focuses on things such as fitting into the group, behaving in ways that are line with social norms, group solidarity, and gaining a sense of identity from being part of the group. Examples are china, other asian countries, africa;

What is Personality?

A set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations

Sigmund Freud?

Psychodynamic theory, unconscious- personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control.

What three COMPONENTS of personality Fraud mentioned in Psychodynamic Approach?

ID(selfish, greedy, crazy, materialistic, loud), SUPEREGO(your values, expectations, justice and law, judgement, battles id), and EGO(balances id and superego, is your real self, what you SHOULD be, is executive, and looks at reality)

Levels of consciousness? What stages?

Preconscious, conscious, unconscious

Id/Unconscious level

present at birth, raw, unorganized, inborn, holds primitive drives, sexual and aggressive drive. Governed by the pleasure principle/immediate gratification.

Ego/Conscious level

Develops in childhood (before Superego), act as referee between Id and Superego. Strives to balance the desires of the id, and the realities of the objective, outside world. Governed by reality principle.

Superego/Preconscious

develops in childhood (after ego), home to morality and conscience. Represents rights and wrongs of society modeled by peers. Governed by the ego ideal. ex; locker # and driver’s license

Psychosexual stages of development

1st oral stage; birth-18 months, pleasure from mouth, breast feeding, chewing, sucking]..... 2nd Anal stage; 1-2yrs, pleasure with control over bladder and feces,] .....3rd Phallic Stage; 3-6yrs, pleasure from their own primary sex organs, attraction to opposite sex parent, feels threatened by same sex parent, envy, electra(girls) and oedipus(boys) complex ] .....4th Latency Stage; 6-11yrs, child denies attraction to opposite sex parent and identifies with same sex parent] .....5th Genital Stage; adolescence, puberty and on, full sexual maturity, orientation, desire, relationships]

A break from reality

psychosis

Neurosis

Anxiety, is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations. OCD, phobias, hysteria, impulse control disorder

The Big Five?

OCEAN ACRONYM

Openness to Experience

Imaginative, independent, ideas, values

Conscientiousness

Dutifulness, Deliberation, Self-discipline, Achievement Striving, dependable-undependable

Extroversion

Warmth, Outgoing, Sensation seeking, Assertive, Excitement seeking, Positive emotion Outgoing-Withdrawn

Agreeableness

trust, compliance, Modesty, Kind, Affectionate, cold, hostile Low-High

Neuroticism

anxiety, depression,

What are the defense mechanisms? Purpose?

a coping technique that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses, are unconscious and are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies. Sigmund Freud was one of the first proponents of this construct. Types;

Repression

bury stress in the back of your mind/unconscious

Projection

connecting your anxiety to another person’s feelings

Displacement

blaming another target for your stress

Reaction Formation

acting the opposite way you are feeling

Regression

doing an inappropriate behavior again, like smoking

Identification

finding excuses to justify your behavior

Rationalization

boost self esteem by making alliances with a person or group, “everyone agrees with me so yeah”

Internal Locus of Control

"I'm here because of things I've done", person taking action, mentally in control of situation, outgoing, internally motivated, not swayed by situation

External Locus of control

"It's by chance that I'm here, I didn't have anything to do with it", you are acted upon, helpless, depend on your situation and others

Psychodynamic Approach?

also known as dynamic psychology, in its broadest sense, is an approach to psychology that emphasises systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

Humanistic Approach?

desire to move to a higher level of functioning, authors are Maslow and Rogers, ppl are responsible for their behavior, people are rational, like to be social, motivated, includes; self actualization, self concept, unconditional and conditional positive regard

Self actualization

a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way.

Self concepts

beliefs about what we are like as individuals.

Unconditional positive regard

attitude of acceptance and respect from others no matter what we say or do.

Conditional positive regard

Love that comes with strings attached.