1 - One Health Human Health

2004

When was One Health Approach concept created?

One Health Approach

Design and implement programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

One Health Approach

Main Working Organizations:

food safety and antimicrobial resistance

Adopting a One Health approach is critical not only to prevent outbreaks in zoonotic diseases, but also other urgent environmental issues including?

COVID pandemic

reminded us of the deep connections between health and the environment.

Human Health

resilience & adaptation

individual & community well being

Animal Health

subsistence

food safety & sustainability

stable, health, wildlife populations

Environmental Health

safe air, water, plant-based foods, shelter, sanitation

Health

a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

WELLNESS

holistic integration of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being

WELLNESS

fuels the body, engages the mind, and nurtures the spirit

• Intellectual

• Emotional

• Physical

• Social

• Occupational

• Financial

• Environmental

• Spiritual

8 Dimensions of Wellness

health challenges or hazards

To attainment of overall wellness may face various?

Health hazards

wellness risks which are usually expressed as probabilities/chances

Health hazards

Probability of suffering harm from an agent that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.

Chemical hazards

harmful chemicals in air, water, soil, food, and human-made products

Natural hazards

fire, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and storms

Cultural hazards

unsafe working conditions, unsafe highways, criminal assault, and poverty

Lifestyle choices

smoking, making poor food choices, drinking too much alcohol, and having unsafe sex

Biological hazards

from more than 1,400 pathogens that can infect humans

pathogen

a biological agent that can cause disease in another organism

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Parasites

• Protozoa

• Fungi

pathogens

Zoonoses

diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans

Zoonoses

health risks through deep interconnections of human, animal and environmental health

zoonotic

~60% existing human infectious diseases are?

75%

what percent of emerging infectious diseases (including Ebola, HIV, influenza, COVID19) have an animal origin

Infectious disease

when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues

Bacteria

single-cell organisms that are found everywhere.

Bacteria

Most are harmless or beneficial.

bacterial disease

results from an infection as the bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body

Viruses

smaller than bacteria and work by invading a cell and taking over its genetic machinery to copy themselves

Viruses

They then multiply and spread throughout one’s body, causing a viral disease such as flu or AIDS.

virus

systemic, meaning it spreads throughout the body.

bacteria

localized, meaning it stays in one part of your body such as the ear or throat.

virus

ex:

Common colds, flu, chicken pox

bacteria

Strep throat, pneumonia, urinary tract infections

yes

virus contagious?

sometimes

bacteria contagious?

no

virus treated with antibiotics?

yes

bacteria treated with antibiotics?

Transmissible disease

infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. “communicable”

Non-transmissible disease

caused by an agent/event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another. “noncommunicable”

Non-transmissible disease

e.g. cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) diseases, most cancers, asthma, and diabetes

Infectious disease

e.g. Tuberculosis, flu, malaria, measles

Infectious diseases

remain as serious health threats, especially in less-developed countries

Infectious diseases

Spread through air, water, food, and body fluids.

epidemic

large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area is called

pandemic

A global epidemic such as tuberculosis or AIDS is called

developed genetic immunity

Many disease-carrying bacteria have ________ to widely used antibiotics and many disease-transmitting species of insects such as mosquitoes have become immune to widely used pesticides that once helped to control their populations.