Ultimate MCAT Study Guide

How to find stereoisomers

2(^n) where n=chiral centers

precipitation

[A][B] > K(sp)

electrical field lines

travel from (+) to (-). Direction a (+) would go in.

resting charge of axons

negative

Reducing sugars

Hemiacetal group that can undergo ring-opening with aldehyde intermediate (ex maltose, lactose, cellobiose) does not include sucrose

K(m)

measure of binding affinity

V(max) on Lineweaver-Burk plot

y-intercept = (1/Vmax)

NADPH

reducing agent (gets oxidized and loosed e)

quantum number "n"

approximate radial size of e- cloud also PE of e-

Fatty acid

hydrocarbon tail with carboxylic acid

Glycerol

3 hydroxyl groups; backbone of triglycerides

anionic

(-) charged

relationship of temperature and resistance

as temperature increases resistance also increases

1700-1750

C=O stretching

3200-3500

-OH stretching

1580-1610

C=C (conjugated or aromatic) stretching

Archimedes principle

Wair/(Wair-Wwater)

Frequency equation

E=hf

beta particle

electron

Equation for power

P=W/t

good buffer in regards to pKa

Has a pKa within 1 pH unit of desired experimental protocols

Phosphatases

enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate

Primers for PCR

Primers have high GC content and GC base pairs at 5' and 3' ends

Non disjunction

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 or sister chromosomes during anaphase 2 of meiosis

cytochrome c

1 e- carrier

Kt

Kt equivalent to Km; substrate concentration at which the reaction rate it 1/2 of the maximal transport capacity (Jmax)

euchromatin

readily available for transcription, activated by acetylation

microfilamints

actin

protease

cleaves hydrolytic bonds in polypeptide chains

proactive interference

previously learned information (long term memory) interferes with learning new information

cultural relativism

a person's beliefs, cultures, and practices should understood in the context of the culture they come from, rather than judged by outside standards

social stratification

people grouped based on their power, income, social standing

conformation bias

interpreting new information as supporting one's existing beliefs (stronger in emotionally charged topics)

conflict theory

emphasizes social relations in regards to power, capital and status as the driving forces in society

anomie

lack of social norms leading to breakdown between individual and group (no group leader)

James Lanage theory of emotion

Physiological arousal precedes the emotion

periphery nation

less economically with weak governments and institutions (opposite of core nation)

operationalized

measuring a phenomenon that is not directly measurable.

sympathetic nervous system

the 3 Fs

Kinase

transferase (catalyzes transfer of Phosphate groups from ATP to target protein)

pyrimidines

C & T

Purines

A and G

anion exchange

(+) residues that bind to negative substrate

cation exchanges

(-) residues that bind to positive residues

catalytic efficiency

Kcat/Km

Pyruvate kinase

catalyzes ADP to ATP

Energy of a photon

E=hf

frequency equation

f=v/wavelength (v = velocity)

sp2

double bond

sp3

single bonds

radioactive decay

radioactive nuclei decay into daughter nuclei (may or may not be radioactive)

boiling point

temperature that surface pressure equals vapor pressure

increase oxidation number

oxidation

decrease in oxidation number

reduction

Work equation

J= N x m

Power equation

Watt= J/s or work/time

Kinetic Energy equation

KE= 1/2mv²

STP mmHg

760 mmHg

Resistance equation

R= rho L/ A

Parallel Circuit

1/ RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 …

Energy in Capacitor Equation

U = ½ CV²

Sound equation

c=fλ

Doppler effect

the pitch sounds higher as it approaches and lower as it moves away

Light equations (E=)

E= hf & E=hc/λ

Converging

Convex

Diverging

Concave

di positive

Real image, inverted (IR)

di negative

virtual image, upright (UV)

Dissociation energy up

Bond strength up

Constitutional (structural) isomers

Different physical properties

Configurational (stereoisomers)

same molecular formula, different arrangement

Conformational

same physical and chemical properties

Oxidation

More C-O bonds, less H (e-’s)

Reduction

Less C-O bonds, more H (e-’s)

Extraction

Separate liquids based on polarity; organic layer=nonpolar

Distillation

separate based on boiling point; more IMF, higher boiling point

Normal HPLC

Nonpolar moves further

RP-HPLC

Polar moves further

Size exclusion

large moves fastest

Anion-exchange

positve moves through

Cation-exchange

negative moves through

Competitive inhibitor

increase Km, Vmax same (binds active site)

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Km same, decrease Vmax

Uncompetitive inhibitor

decrease Km, decrease Vmax

Stop codons

UGA, UAG, UAA

Southern blot

Smallest DNA goes furthest

Northern blot

Smallest RNA goes furthest

Western blot

proteins

Thin lens equation

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

pH equation

pH= -log10 ([H+])

alpha decay

2 to the left

beta+ decay

1 to the left

beta- decay

1 to the right

electron capture

1 to the left

pH/pKa equation

pH = pKa + log (U/P)

Unprotonated

base form

Protonated

acid form

Acid

proton donor

Base

proton acceptor