Ultimate MCAT Study Guide

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340 Terms

1
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How to find stereoisomers

2(^n) where n=chiral centers

2
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precipitation

[A][B] > K(sp)

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electrical field lines

travel from (+) to (-). Direction a (+) would go in.

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resting charge of axons

negative

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Reducing sugars

Hemiacetal group that can undergo ring-opening with aldehyde intermediate (ex maltose, lactose, cellobiose) does not include sucrose

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K(m)

measure of binding affinity

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V(max) on Lineweaver-Burk plot

y-intercept = (1/Vmax)

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NADPH

reducing agent (gets oxidized and loosed e)

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quantum number "n"

approximate radial size of e- cloud also PE of e-

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Fatty acid

hydrocarbon tail with carboxylic acid

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Glycerol

3 hydroxyl groups; backbone of triglycerides

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anionic

(-) charged

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relationship of temperature and resistance

as temperature increases resistance also increases

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1700-1750

C=O stretching

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3200-3500

-OH stretching

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1580-1610

C=C (conjugated or aromatic) stretching

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Archimedes principle

Wair/(Wair-Wwater)

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Frequency equation

E=hf

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beta particle

electron

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Equation for power

P=W/t

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good buffer in regards to pKa

Has a pKa within 1 pH unit of desired experimental protocols

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Phosphatases

enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate

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Primers for PCR

Primers have high GC content and GC base pairs at 5' and 3' ends

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Non disjunction

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 or sister chromosomes during anaphase 2 of meiosis

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cytochrome c

1 e- carrier

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Kt

Kt equivalent to Km; substrate concentration at which the reaction rate it 1/2 of the maximal transport capacity (Jmax)

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euchromatin

readily available for transcription

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microfilamints

actin

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protease

cleaves hydrolytic bonds in polypeptide chains

30
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proactive interference

previously learned information (long term memory) interferes with learning new information

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cultural relativism

a person's beliefs, cultures, and practices should be judged against their own culture rather

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social stratification

people grouped based on their power, income, social standing

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conformation bias

interpreting new information as supporting one's existing beliefs (stronger in emotionally charged topics)

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conflict theory

emphasizes social relations in regards to power, capital and status as the driving forces in society

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anomie

lack of social norms leading to breakdown between individual and group (no group leader)

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James Lanage theory of emotion

Physiological arousal precedes the emotion

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periphery nation

less economically with weak governments and institutions (opposite of core nation)

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operationalized

measuring a phenomenon that is not directly measurable.

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sympathetic nervous system

the 3 Fs

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Kinase

transferase (catalyzes transfer of Phosphate groups from ATP to target protein)

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pyrimidines

C & T

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Purines

A and G

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anion exchange

(+) residues that bind to negative substrate

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cation exchanges

(-) residues that bind to positive residues

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catalytic efficiency

Kcat/Km

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Pyruvate kinase

catalyzes ADP to ATP

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Energy of a photon

E=hf

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frequency equation

f=v/wavelength (v = velocity)

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sp2

double bond

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sp3

single bonds

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radioactive decay

radioactive nuclei decay into daughter nuclei (may or may not be radioactive)

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boiling point

temperature that surface pressure equals vapor pressure

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increase oxidation number

oxidation

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decrease in oxidation number

reduction

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Work equation

J= N x m

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Power equation

Watt= J/s or work/time

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Kinetic Energy equation

KE= 1/2mv²

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STP mmHg

760 mmHg

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Resistance equation

R= rho L/ A

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Parallel Circuit

1/ RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 …

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Energy in Capacitor Equation

U = ½ CV²

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Sound equation

c=fλ

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Doppler effect

the pitch sounds higher as it approaches and lower as it moves away

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Light equations (E=)

E= hf & E=hc/λ

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Converging

Convex

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Diverging

Concave

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di positive

Real image, inverted (IR)

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di negative

virtual image, upright (UV)

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Dissociation energy up

Bond strength up

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Constitutional (structural) isomers

Different physical properties

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Configurational (stereoisomers)

same molecular formula, different arrangement

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Conformational

same physical and chemical properties

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Oxidation

More C-O bonds, less H (e-’s)

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Reduction

Less C-O bonds, more H (e-’s)

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Extraction

Separate liquids based on polarity; organic layer=nonpolar

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Distillation

separate based on boiling point; more IMF, higher boiling point

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Normal HPLC

Nonpolar moves further

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RP-HPLC

Polar moves further

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Size exclusion

large moves fastest

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Anion-exchange

positve moves through

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Cation-exchange

negative moves through

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Competitive inhibitor

increase Km, Vmax same (binds active site)

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Noncompetitive inhibitor

Km same, decrease Vmax

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Uncompetitive inhibitor

decrease Km, decrease Vmax

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Stop codons

UGA, UAG, UAA

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Southern blot

Smallest DNA goes furthest

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Northern blot

Smallest RNA goes furthest

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Western blot

proteins

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Thin lens equation

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

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pH equation

pH= -log10 ([H+])

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alpha decay

2 to the left

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beta+ decay

1 to the left

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beta- decay

1 to the right

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electron capture

1 to the left

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pH/pKa equation

pH = pKa + log (U/P)

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Unprotonated

base form

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Protonated

acid form

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Acid

proton donor

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Base

proton acceptor