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How to find stereoisomers
2(^n) where n=chiral centers
precipitation
[A][B] > K(sp)
electrical field lines
travel from (+) to (-). Direction a (+) would go in.
resting charge of axons
negative
Reducing sugars
Hemiacetal group that can undergo ring-opening with aldehyde intermediate (ex maltose, lactose, cellobiose) does not include sucrose
K(m)
measure of binding affinity
V(max) on Lineweaver-Burk plot
y-intercept = (1/Vmax)
NADPH
reducing agent (gets oxidized and loosed e)
quantum number "n"
approximate radial size of e- cloud also PE of e-
Fatty acid
hydrocarbon tail with carboxylic acid
Glycerol
3 hydroxyl groups; backbone of triglycerides
anionic
(-) charged
relationship of temperature and resistance
as temperature increases resistance also increases
1700-1750
C=O stretching
3200-3500
-OH stretching
1580-1610
C=C (conjugated or aromatic) stretching
Archimedes principle
Wair/(Wair-Wwater)
Frequency equation
E=hf
beta particle
electron
Equation for power
P=W/t
good buffer in regards to pKa
Has a pKa within 1 pH unit of desired experimental protocols
Phosphatases
enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate
Primers for PCR
Primers have high GC content and GC base pairs at 5' and 3' ends
Non disjunction
failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 or sister chromosomes during anaphase 2 of meiosis
cytochrome c
1 e- carrier
Kt
Kt equivalent to Km; substrate concentration at which the reaction rate it 1/2 of the maximal transport capacity (Jmax)
euchromatin
readily available for transcription
microfilamints
actin
protease
cleaves hydrolytic bonds in polypeptide chains
proactive interference
previously learned information (long term memory) interferes with learning new information
cultural relativism
a person's beliefs, cultures, and practices should be judged against their own culture rather
social stratification
people grouped based on their power, income, social standing
conformation bias
interpreting new information as supporting one's existing beliefs (stronger in emotionally charged topics)
conflict theory
emphasizes social relations in regards to power, capital and status as the driving forces in society
anomie
lack of social norms leading to breakdown between individual and group (no group leader)
James Lanage theory of emotion
Physiological arousal precedes the emotion
periphery nation
less economically with weak governments and institutions (opposite of core nation)
operationalized
measuring a phenomenon that is not directly measurable.
sympathetic nervous system
the 3 Fs
Kinase
transferase (catalyzes transfer of Phosphate groups from ATP to target protein)
pyrimidines
C & T
Purines
A and G
anion exchange
(+) residues that bind to negative substrate
cation exchanges
(-) residues that bind to positive residues
catalytic efficiency
Kcat/Km
Pyruvate kinase
catalyzes ADP to ATP
Energy of a photon
E=hf
frequency equation
f=v/wavelength (v = velocity)
sp2
double bond
sp3
single bonds
radioactive decay
radioactive nuclei decay into daughter nuclei (may or may not be radioactive)
boiling point
temperature that surface pressure equals vapor pressure
increase oxidation number
oxidation
decrease in oxidation number
reduction
Work equation
J= N x m
Power equation
Watt= J/s or work/time
Kinetic Energy equation
KE= 1/2mv²
STP mmHg
760 mmHg
Resistance equation
R= rho L/ A
Parallel Circuit
1/ RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 …
Energy in Capacitor Equation
U = ½ CV²
Sound equation
c=fλ
Doppler effect
the pitch sounds higher as it approaches and lower as it moves away
Light equations (E=)
E= hf & E=hc/λ
Converging
Convex
Diverging
Concave
di positive
Real image, inverted (IR)
di negative
virtual image, upright (UV)
Dissociation energy up
Bond strength up
Constitutional (structural) isomers
Different physical properties
Configurational (stereoisomers)
same molecular formula, different arrangement
Conformational
same physical and chemical properties
Oxidation
More C-O bonds, less H (e-’s)
Reduction
Less C-O bonds, more H (e-’s)
Extraction
Separate liquids based on polarity; organic layer=nonpolar
Distillation
separate based on boiling point; more IMF, higher boiling point
Normal HPLC
Nonpolar moves further
RP-HPLC
Polar moves further
Size exclusion
large moves fastest
Anion-exchange
positve moves through
Cation-exchange
negative moves through
Competitive inhibitor
increase Km, Vmax same (binds active site)
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Km same, decrease Vmax
Uncompetitive inhibitor
decrease Km, decrease Vmax
Stop codons
UGA, UAG, UAA
Southern blot
Smallest DNA goes furthest
Northern blot
Smallest RNA goes furthest
Western blot
proteins
Thin lens equation
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
pH equation
pH= -log10 ([H+])
alpha decay
2 to the left
beta+ decay
1 to the left
beta- decay
1 to the right
electron capture
1 to the left
pH/pKa equation
pH = pKa + log (U/P)
Unprotonated
base form
Protonated
acid form
Acid
proton donor
Base
proton acceptor