Neuroanatomy - 17 Hypothalamus and Pituitary

diencephalon

the hypothalamus is found in the ___________ region of the brain

homeostasis

the hypothalamus plays a primary role in ___________

visceral, somatic, limbic

the hypothalamus integrates sensory information from the ___________, ___________, and ___________ systems

temperature, osmolality, hormone levels, metabolite levels,

the hypothalamus contains receptors to monitor ___________ , ___________ , ___________ , and ___________ in the blood

lamina terminalis

the rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is the ___________

hypothalamic sulcus

the superior boundary of the hypothalamus is the ___________

hypothalamic sulcus

the ___________ separates the dorsal thalamus and the hypothalamus

substantia innominate

the lateral rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is the ___________

posterior limb of the internal capsule

the lateral caudal boundary of the hypothalamus is the ___________

inferior portion of the third ventricle

the medial boundary of the hypothalamus is the ___________

MERGES with the midbrain tegmentum and periaqueductal gray

the caudal boundary of the hypothalamus is the ___________

F; NO CLEAR CUT OFF

T/F: the hypothalamus has a clear caudal cut off

third ventricle

the hypothalamus surrounds the ________________

mammillary bodies, infundibulum

the ___________ and ___________ are found on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus

hypophysial stalk

the infundibulum is part of the ___________

• preoptic area

• lateral zone

• medial zone

• periventricular zone

the four main parts/zones of the hypothalamus are:

diaphragma sellae

the _____________ is a circular fold of dura that goes within the sella turcica to protect and cover the pituitary gland

anterior

the ________ portion of the pituitary gland is closer to the optic chiasm

infundibulum

the _________ connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary

the two main parts of the pituitary gland are the ___________ and ___________

perforating arteries, circle of willis

the blood supply to the hypothalamus generally comes from the ____________of the ______________

ACom and ACA, PCom and PCA

the two main blood supplies to the hypothalamus come from the _______________ and the _______________

• preoptic region

• supraoptic region

• rostral portions of the lateral hypothalamic area

the anterior communicating (ACom) and ACA provide blood to these parts of the hypothalamus: (3)

• tuberal region

• mammillary region

• middle and caudal parts of lateral hypothalamic area

the posterior communicating (PCom) and PCA provide blood to these parts of the hypothalamus: (3)

internal carotid

the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries are branches from the ______________ artery

superior

the (superior/inferior) hypophyseal artery supplies the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

inferior

the (superior/inferior) hypophyseal artery supplies the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

adenohypophysis

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also called the ___________

neurohypophysis

the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also called the ___________

cavernous sinus

all the blood supply from the pituitary gland drains into the ___________

medial preoptic, lateral preoptic

the preoptic area of the hypothalamus contains the ___________ nucleus and the ___________ nucleus

medial, GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE

the _________ preoptic nucleus contains neurons that manufacture _______________ which travels down the infundibular tract to the anterior pituitary

lateral

the ___________ preoptic nucleus doesn’t have a fully defined function

medial forebrain bundle, lateral hypothalamic nucleus

the lateral zone of the hypothalamus contains the ___________ and the ___________

medial forebrain bundle

the ___________ of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus connects the hypothalamus with rostral and caudal regions

T

T/F: the medial forebrain bundle has fibers that go both directions

lateral hypothalamic nucleus

the ________________ is considered the FEEDING CENTER

• supraoptic / chiasmatic region

• tuberal region

• mammillary region

the medial zone of the hypothalamus contains these three regions:

• supraoptic nuclei

• paraventricular nuclei

• suprachiasmatic nuclei

• anterior nuclei

the supraoptic chiasmatic region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus contains these four nuclei:

posterior pituitary, OXYTOCIN, ADH

the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus project to the __________ and release _______ and ________

supraoptic, paraventricular

the __________ and ____________ nuclei of the hypothalamus can make oxytocin and ADH

retina, circadian rhythm

the suprachiasmatic nucleus gets input from the ___________ and may mediate ___________

suprachiasmatic

the ___________ nucleus is likely the mediator of circadian rhythm

body temp

the anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus does the maintenance of _____________

• ventromedial nucleus

• dorsomedial nucleus

• arcuate nucleus

the tuberal region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus contains these 3 nuclei:

ventromedial

the ___________ nucleus of the hypothalamus is the SATIETY CENTER

dorsomedial

the ________ nucleus of the thalamus is related to emotional behavior and sham rage

arcuate

the ________ nucleus contains neurons that contain releasing hormones related to the anterior pituitary

mammillary region

the _____________ of the hypothalamus is responsible for long term memory formation

korsakoff syndrome

_____________ is a progressive degeneration of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex, and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei, or thiamine deficiency, causing anterograde amnesia

create new

with anterograde amnesia, there is an inability to (create new/remember old) long term memories

periventricular

the ____________ zone of the thalamus contains neurons that synthesize releasing hormones and send them via the tuberoinfundibular tract

• fornix (from hippocampus)

• medial forebrain bundle

• amygdalohypothalamic

the main afferents of the hypothalamus are: (3)

• mammillothalamic

• mammillotegmental

• hypothalamospinal

• dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

the main efferents of the hypothalamus are: (4)

paraventricular

the primary source of ANS association for the hypothalamus comes from the ____________ nucleus, but there are other nuclei involved

medial forebrain bundle

for ANS activity, the hypothalamus receives visceral and somatosensory information from the ______________

brainstem, spinal cord preganglionic ANS neurons

efferents from the hypothalamus related to the ANS are headed to the __________ and ________________, both directly and indirectly

amygdala

efferents from the hypothalamus to the ________ play a role in emotions, homeostatic changes, and behavior related functions

impaired immune function

homeostatic changes are linked to emotional stress, and depression and high levels of stress are linked to ______________________

limbic

in general, the ________ system is responsible for integrating memory and emotion

mammillary bodies

the _____________ in the hypothalamus are part of the circuit for memory formation

amygdala

the _______ functions to associate behaviors and emotions with sensations

olfactory

the hypothalamus receives _______ information that alters appetite

SEPTAL AREA, BASAL FOREBRAIN

efferent leaving the hypothalamus to the ________ and ________ are for motivation and arousal

histaminergic neurons

GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area inhibit _______________ and the midbrain reticular formation

histamine, antihistamines

reduced amounts of _______ OR presence of __________ cause decreased alertness and promotion of deep sleep

anxiety, anger, rage

stimulation of the caudolateral hypothalamus (lateral zone, dorsomedial nuc, mammillary region) can produce ______________

contentment

stimulation of the rostromedial hypothalamus (supraoptic region) can produce ____________

pituitary gland

Some of the MAIN efferents from the hypothalamus goes to the __________ for hormone release and endocrine control

supraopticohypophysial, tuberoinfundibular

the two main tracts between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are the _______________ tract and the _____________ tract

supraopticohypophysial

the ______________ tract is responsible for transporting oxytocin and ADH from the hypothalamus to the pituitary

tuberoinfundibular

the ______________ tract is responsible for transporting growth hormone, gonadotropins, corticotropin, thyrotropin, and prolactin from the hypothalamus to the pituitary

anterior adenohypothysis

the _________ pituitary has glandular cells that produce and secrete hormones

posterior neurohypophysis

the _________ pituitary has axons terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus

• corticotropin releasing hormone

• thyrotropin releasing hormone

• gonadotropin releasing hormone

• growth hormone releasing hormone

• somatostatin (growth hormone inhibitory factor)

• prolactin releasing inhibitor hormone

(for context): examples of releaseing and releasing inhibitor factors:

TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR

the _____________ tract contains the axons projecting through the median eminence and infundibulum to the anterior pituitary

• corticotropin

• thyroid stimulating hormone

• growth hormone

• prolactin

• gonadotropins

examples of anterior pituitary hormones: (5)

SUPRAOPTIC, PARAVENTRICULAR

the posterior pituitary gets products from the __________ and __________ nuclei of the hypothalamus

increase water resorption

the primary purpose of vasopressin/ADH is to _______________ by the kidneys

diabetes insipidus

lesions in areas producing ADH could cause ___________, which is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia

non secreting tumors, secreting tumors

the two categories of pituitary tumors are _____________ and ____________

• growth hormone secreting

• adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting

• prolactin secreting

the three most common categories of secreting adenomas are: (3)

adrenocorticotropic

cushing disease is a ________________ hormone secreting pituitary tumor

galactorrhea, amenorrhea

prolactinomas can cause ____________ and ______________

galactorrhea

_____________ is milk production

amenorrhea

______________ is the absence of menstrual periods

prolactinomas

___________ can lead to decreased libido, impotency, or infertility; symptoms similar to those of pregnancy

gigantism, acromegaly

growth hormone secreting adenomas can cause _________ or __________

gigantism

_________ is a condition caused by excess growth hormone prior to the completion of growth/closure of growth plates

acromegaly

_________ is a condition caused by excess growth hormone after the closure of growth plates, and can caused increased thickness of bones

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), glucocorticoids

cushing disease is caused by excess ____________ hormone, leading to excess _________

• round face

• truncal obesity (and stretch marks)

• facial hirsutism (thicker hair)

• HTN

• poor wound healing

some sx of cushing syndrome are: (5)

• baroreceptor reflex

• temperature regulation reflex

• water balance reflex

the three hypothalamic reflexes are: (3)

aortic arch, carotid sinus ; HR, CO

baroreceptor reflex: baroreceptors in the _________ and __________ detect changes in BP, which then travels through the medulla and dorsal vagus nucleus to influence ___ and ____

lower, lower

with an increase in blood pressure, the baroreceptor reflex will (raise/lower) heart rate and contraction force to therefore (raise/lower) blood pressure

raise, raise

with an decrease in blood pressure, the baroreceptor reflex will (raise/lower) heart rate and contraction force to therefore (raise/lower) blood pressure

intrinsic thermoreceptors, hypothalamus

for the temperature regulation reflex, ________________ in the _________ monitor core body temperatures

anterior

an increase in blood temperature will generally activate the (anterior/posterior) hypothalamus

posterior

a decrease in blood temperature will generally activate the (anterior/posterior) hypothalamus

sweating, cutaneous vasodilation (for heat dissipation)

an increase in blood temperature will cause _________ and ___________