Chapter 10 BB

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23 Terms

1
7 universal facial expressions
Fear, happiness, anger, contempt, surprise, disgust, and sadness
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2
facial microexpressions
barely perceptible brief facial expression fragments, associated with deception and lying
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3
papez's circuit
Sensory info from the environment was processed through the thalamus and subsequently directed towards the sensory areas of the cortex as well as the cingulate cortex
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4
cingulate cortex
plays a pivotal role in papez circuit, directs info upward and downward to ultimately result in relevant emotional thoughts and feelings
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5
attention blink
Human participants are asked to focus on two target stimuli that are distinguished by specific color and appear against a background stream of stimuli presented at a rapid pace
Participants typically see the first target but miss the second target
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6
insular cortex
strongly activated during exposure to stimuli perceived as “disgusting”
Different parts react to different types of disgusting scenes
Also, the primary taste cortex
Also reacts to frightening stimuli and angry faces, so not completely dedicated to disgust
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7
agression
A behavior that appears to have the intention to harm another individual
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8
reactive impulse agression
high arousal, lack of control
limbic structures involved
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9
controlled-instrumental agression
purposeful form of aggression
controlled by higher cortical systems
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10
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), medial amygdala, anterior hypothalamus
Lesions to the following regions in rodents leads to a reduction of aggressive displays between males
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11
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and periaquaductal gray area (PAG)
aggression related info travels here
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12
orbitofrontal cortex
lesions leads to increased aggression, suggesting that this area inhibits aggressive displays
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13
testosterone
positively correlated with agression
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14
seratonin
high levels are associated with reduced aggressive behavior, low levels are associated with increased aggressive behavior
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15
cortisol
"triple imbalance hypothesis" violence depends on other chemicals besides testosterone and serotonin, notably this chemical
aggression levels are highest when this is low and testosterone is high
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16
conditioned fear
To facilitate the fastest possible response to a threatening stimulus such the as a snake, the thalamus takes on a security/ protection function and directs associated neural images right to the amygdala, bypassing the slower route including the visual cortex
Lateral amygdala receives the visual information and transfers it to the central amygdala
The central amygdala stimulates relevant brain areas that initiate freezing response, blood pressure modifications, stress hormone release, and the startle reflex
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17
courage
increased activation of the AAC accompanied by diminished activity in the amygdala and insula
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18
SM
had no amygdala and showed no signs of fear
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19
williams syndrome
genetic condition that causes specific facial features and diminished amygdala activity in response to social situations or images of fearful faces and natural disasters
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20
DHEA
provides a buffer against the effect of stress hormones in the brain
released from the adrenal cortex
related to reduced anxiety and enhance emotional resilience
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21
Coping styles
external vs internal locus of control
freeze, run, or attack
proactive vs reactive
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22
cognitive reappraisal
changing ones understanding of an event in a way that also changes ones emotional response to the event

increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortical areas
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23
somatic market hyptohesis
Physiological emotional responses serve an important role in guiding the brains decision to carry out a particular behavior, especially risky decisions

Individuals with frontal lobe damage experience diminished emotional responses to situations
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