Human Geography Final

Time space compression

shrinking of relative distance between 2 places due to advances in technology and tranposrtation

Environmental determinism vs possibilism

• environment dictates how society develops as it adapts to envi

• Humans help change environment

formal region/functional region/perceptual region

• area that has 1 or more shared traits

• area organized around focal point

• area that reflects the impressions, feelings, and attitude about a place, ex: south of USA

Malthusian theory

increasing life expectancy and lower death rate due to industrial revolution will result in overpopulation

neo-Malthusian theory

concerned w sustainable use of planet

demographic transition model stages

• 1: high birth, low death. low pop and pop growth

• 2: high birth, decreasing death. increasing pop, high growth

• 3:decreasing birth and death. moderate pop and growth

• 4: decreasing birth and death. moderate total pop, slow growth

• 5: decreasing birth, increasing death. decreasing pop and 0-no growth

epidemiological transition model

• 1: famine

• 2: receding pandemic

• 3: degenerative and human created diseases

• 4: delayed degenerative diseases

• 5: re-emergence of infectious disease

antinatalist vs pronatalist

policies designed to curb population growth vs encourage growth

transhumance

human migration following migration of herd animals

Brain drain

loss of trained and educated people to another country

sociofacts vs mentifacts

• structures and organizations that influence social behavior. ex: families, govs, etc

• elements that reflect ideas, values, etc. ex: religion, language, etc.

ethnocentrism

evaluating a culture based off your own preconceived ideas from your own culture

sequent occupance

societies leave behind their cultural imprint, shaping cultural landscape

centripetal force vs centrifugal

• unites people

• divides people

Cultural convergence

as cultures interact, they become similar

walter toblers 1st law of geography

closer things are, the more they are related

acculturation

adopt things from another culture while also keeping your own

Cultural divergence

Cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers

Intersectionality

There is a cumulative was in which effects if multiple forms of discrimination may overlap or intersect experiences of some marginalized groups

John w berry

• No matter how people handle collision of 2 or more cultures in their lives, they will experience some stress

• ppl who integrate elements of both original and adopted experience least amount of stress

Assimilation

One culture adopts almost all of customs of another culture

Syncretism

Combining diff cultural aspects into something new

Collectivist culture

Ppl expected tk confirm to a collective responsibility within a family and be obedient to elders 

Order of language sections

Family, Branch, group, dialect

Kurgan hearth theory vs Anatolian hearth theory

• Ppl think origin of indo-European language family is steppes of Russia or Ukraine 

• Proto indo-european language family relates to agricultural practices

Nation state

Territory occupies by group who sees themselves as a nation and have politically recognized boundaries of a state they call their own. Ex: Japan

Multi state nation

Ppl who share cultural or ethnic backround bjt live in more than one country. Ex: north and South Korea 

Stateless nations

Native American tribes, etc

Choke point

Narrow strategic passageway to another place that’s difficult to pass 

Shatterbelt

Regions prone to violent conflicts bc they are caught between interests kf more powerful outside states

Neocolonialism

Free states have economies that rely on oitside investment and are vulnerable to excess influence by oitside powers. Ex: many African states that were former European colonies

Delimit vs demarcated vs administer boundary 

• Drawing boundaries on a map in accordance with a legal agreement

Physical objects like walls mark boundary

Managing the way boundaries are manufactured and what crossed them

Antecedent vs subsequent vs consequent l vs superimposed boundary 

• established before many ppl settles into an area

• Drawn in areas that have been settles by ppl and where cultural landscapes already exist

• Type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences within a cultural landscape 

• Mathematical and follows lines of latitude and longitude or is a straight line between 2 points

United Nations convention on the law of the sea vs exclusive economy zone

• country’s territorial seas extend 12 nautical miles off its coast and its exclusive economic zone extends 200 miles from coast

• 200 miles from coast that country has access to resources, etc

Unitary state

• more power is held by central gov that has power over all states and people

• Top down approach- giv policies sent to regional units

• Advantages: efficient, less corrupt at local level

• Disadvantages: slower to respond to local issues, gov can lose touch w local issues, favors political dominant group

Federal states

• power is more broadly shared between a federal/national gov and its regional units

• Regional units have greater autonomy and populations are large

• Advantages: less conflict between regions, diversity of opinions

• Disadvantages: more corrupt at local levels 

Ethnic separatism

Ppl of an ethnicity identify more with ppl of the ethnic group than as citizens of the state

Irredentism

Majority ethnicity on one side of boundary wants to claim territory from neighboring state to bring in a minority group  

Supranationalism

Alliance of 3 or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or address challenges they share. Only military one is NATO

Centripetal vs centrifugal forces

• unites ppl

• Divides ppl

Bid rent theory

• How land value determines how a farmer will use land: intensively vs extensively. 

• Land value based on distance from de real business district

Metes and bounds vs long lot vs township and range survey systems

• boundaries based in direction and distance from clear point of reference

• Adjacent king strips of land stretching back from frontage along body of water

• Rectangular land lots in 6 mile by 6 mile squares

intensive vs extensive agriculture

• farmers expend a lot of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land 

• Few inputs and little investment in labor and capital w lower outputs per unit area

1st, 2nd, 3rd, and green revolutions

• foraging —> farming 

• Improvements in crop yields and innovations. Fertilizers, etc

• Further mechanization and new technology. GMOs, pesticides, etc 

• New high yield strains of grain crops

Farm subsidies

Fed gov provides low cost loans to some farmers and agribusiness

Vin thünen model

• Hypothesizes what perishability if a product and transportation costs tk the market. 

• More perishable/more expensive: closer to cbd

• Less perishable/less expensive: further from cbd

Urban sprawl

When urban areas expand in an unplanned and uncontrolled was, covering lots of land 

Edge city

City on outside if a larger city

Boomburg

Suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more thank 100k residents 

Exurb

Fast growing community outside/on edge of a metropolitan area where residents are loosely connected to central city and suburbs

Infill

Redevelopment that I de tidied and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas

Gravity model

Cities have an area of influence based on its population size

Rank size rule

2nd largest city is ½ size ix largest city, 3rd largest city is 1/3 size of 2nd largest city, etc

Primate city

City that exceeds the countries largest city in population size and influence 

Mega city vs meta city

• city with population of more than 10 million

• City with population of more than 20 million

New urbanism

School of thought that promotes designing growth to limit amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and useable farmland

Urban growth boundary

Seperate sue and and rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand 

Redlining

Banks refuse to offer home loans bc of racial or ethnic makeup 

De jure segregation

Prejudicial laws and police’s pass that discriminate in housing based on race or ethnicity

Blockbusting

Real estate agents scare white people into thinking that black ppl would take over a neighborhood to convince them to sell their house at below market prices

Filtering

Housing vacated by more affluent groups passes down income sake to lower income groups 

Gross domestic product vs gross national product vs gross national income

• value of goods and services produced by a countries citizens and companies in a year

• Total value of goods and services produced by a countries citizens citizens and companies both domestically and internationally in a year

• Total value of goods and services globally produced by country in a year divided by the countries population 

Human development index vs gender development index vs gender equality index

• determines overall development of country by examining life expectancy, access to education, and standard of living 

• Calculates gender disparity by health, knowledge, and standard of living

• Calculates inequality by reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market

Micro loan

Very small, short term w low interest intended tk help ppl in need 

rostows stages of economic growth

1. Traditional society 

2. Preconditions for takeoff

3. Takeoff

4. drive to maturity

5. High mass consumption 

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors 

• associated w harvesting products from earth

• Production of goods from raw materials

• Transport, storage, marketing, and selling of goods

• Subset of tertiary; requires workers to process and handle info and environmental tech

• Subset of quaternary; very top leaders on giv, science, etc

Post industrial economy

Predominantly tertiary sector employment

Least cost theory

• Businesses locate facilities in certain places to minimize costs of production

Agglomeration

Tendency of enterprises in same industry to cluster in same area

Break of bulk points

Location where it’s more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them further 

Bulk reducing vs bulk gaining industries

• raw materials cost more to transport than finished goods

• Finished goods cost more to transport than raw materials 

Fordism

Highly organized and specialized system for industrial production that focuses on efficiency and productivity in mass production 

Post fordism

Focused of small scale batch production for a specialized market and flexibility that allows for a quick response to changes in the market 

Multiplier effects

• Change created a larger change

• New manufacturing plant grows economy by giving rise to more related jobs and services

Special economic zones, exporting processing zones, and free trade zones

• areas in a country that offer more favorable economic regulations to attract foreign business

• Areas in a country that are subject to more favorable regulations to encourage foreign investment and the manufacturing of goods for export

• Large areas in a country in which businesses lay few or no tariffs on goods to encourage its role in international trade