exam 3 red

Ch7 | Cranial nerve Roman numerals I-XII

I=1 → II=2 → III=3 → IV=4 → V=5 → VI=6 → VII=7 → VIII=8 → IX=9 → X=10 → XI=11 → XII=12.

Ch7 | High-yield skull openings chain

Hypoglossal canal → CN XII; Jugular foramen → internal jugular vein + CN IX/X/XI; Internal acoustic meatus → CN VII/VIII; Stylomastoid foramen → CN VII exits.

Ch7 | High-yield sphenoid openings chain

Optic canal → CN II; Superior orbital fissure → CN III/IV/V1/VI + ophthalmic vein; Rotundum/Ovale → CN V branches; Spinosum → middle meningeal artery.

Ch7 | Carotid canal

Internal carotid artery enters the cranial cavity.

Ch7 | Pelvic brim chain

Pelvic brim separates pelvis → ABOVE = false pelvis/supports abdominal viscera → BELOW = true pelvis/important bony birth-passage region.

Ch8 | Structural joint classes

Fibrous → cartilaginous → synovial.

Ch8 | Fibrous-joint chain

Suture → skull/essentially immovable; Syndesmosis → ligament/fibrous band; Gomphosis → tooth in socket.

Ch8 | Cartilaginous-joint chain

Synchondrosis → hyaline cartilage; Symphysis → fibrocartilage.

Ch8 | Functional joint classes

Synarthrosis → no movement; Amphiarthrosis → slight movement; Diarthrosis → free movement.

Ch8 | Six synovial-joint features

Articular cartilage → joint cavity → articular capsule → synovial fluid → reinforcing ligaments → nerves/blood vessels.

Ch8 | Six synovial-joint types

Plane → glide; Hinge → flex/ext; Pivot → rotation; Condylar → flex/ext + abd/add; Saddle → similar but freer; Ball/socket → multiaxial.

Ch8 | Synovial stability rule

Deeper socket + more/tighter ligaments + more tendons crossing → stability increases → mobility generally decreases.

Ch9 | Na+/K+ 140/5 rule

Outside → Na+ ~140, K+ ~5; Inside → K+ ~140, Na+ ~5.

Ch9 | Glycogen storage ratio

About 2/3 in muscle and 1/3 in liver.

Ch9 | Sarcomere organization

Sarcomere = Z disc to Z disc → thin/actin anchored to Z disc → thick/myosin centered around M line and A band.

Ch9 | Sarcomere contraction chain

Z discs move closer → sarcomere shortens → I band shortens → H zone shortens/disappears → A band stays same → actin/myosin themselves do NOT shorten.

Ch9 | Triad chain

1 T-tubule + 2 terminal cisterns → electrical signal travels inward → voltage sensors activate → SR releases Ca2+.

Ch9 | Membrane-potential chain

Resting inside negative → Na+ enters = depolarization → Na+ channels close/K+ channels open → K+ exits = repolarization → refractory period.

Ch9 | Motor-unit/recruitment chain

Motor unit = 1 motor neuron + all fibers it controls → smaller units recruited first → stronger stimulus recruits more units → force increases.

Ch9 | Stimulus-strength chain

Subthreshold = no whole-muscle response → threshold = minimum effective stimulus → increasing stimulus recruits more motor units → maximal stimulus = maximal recruitment; stronger stimulus adds no more force.

Ch9 | Muscle twitch phases

Latent → E-C coupling/no measurable tension; Contraction → cross bridges/tension rises; Relaxation → Ca2+ returns toward SR/tension falls.

Ch9 | Contraction-type chain

Isotonic → length changes; Concentric → shortens; Eccentric → lengthens under tension; Isometric → tension without length change.

Ch9 | Energy-source chain

Stored ATP → creatine phosphate → glycolysis/glycogen → aerobic metabolism becomes increasingly important during prolonged activity.

Ch9 | Four fatigue factors

Ionic imbalance (K+ loss/Na+ gain) → increased inorganic phosphate → decreased ATP/increased Mg2+ → decreased glycogen.

Ch9 | Smooth-muscle activation — 5-step chain

Ca2+ enters cytosol from ECF and/or SR → Ca2+ binds calmodulin → calmodulin activates MLCK → MLCK phosphorylates/activates myosin → activated myosin binds actin and cross-bridge cycling begins.