sport

Olympic Stadium in OLYMPIA

Built 776 BC
First Known Sports Complex
Women could not attend
Was called STADIA where the actual events took place

Olympic Stadium in ATHENS

Built in 331 BC
Held 50,000 spectators
used to host the 1896 modern Olympics
was a Hippodrome (horse and chariot racing)
Koilon for seating (Special seats for officials and priests)
Has concessions

Rome Facilites

Romans loved their sports
not complain about leadership
control there subjects

Roman Coliseum

Based off of past greek structures
Originally names Flavian Amphitheater.
construction started in 72 AD took 8 years (stadiums today take 3 years)
held up to 50,000 spectators.
Ticketing System was used.
had underground system (HYPOGEUM)
Hand Operated elevator.

Circus Maximus

Built 6th century BC (one of the architectural wonders)
emulated the Greek Hippodrome
Roman version of a race track (0.33 miles long 450 ft wide)
destroyed by fire 2 time
150K - 300K seating
admission was free but could rent a seat cushion

Middle Ages (401 CE - 1500 CE)

PAFs were not popular due to clergy and government.
Church restricted sports and outlawed theaters

Dark Ages (1800s)

Restrictions against sport were lifted in late 19th century.
Baseball started gaining popularity in 1850s.
National league facilities (banning alcohol, removed the betting booths, removed gamblers.)

Modern Era of sports facilities

Started in late 1860s.
Focused on generating profit through new ways of thinking.

First Baseball game Paid Admission

Brooklyn vs. NYC
Fashion course in Long Island NY
Held in 1858.
Revenue generating initiative (50c entry fee)

First enclosed ball park (had a border around the field)

Union Grounds
Opened in Brooklyn, NY in 1862
Was an ice rink in the winter (sustainability)

Baker Bowl in Philly

Built in 1887
Cost of 80,000
held 14500
Used Revenue generating ideas

Push for safety and sustainability

Concrete construction
Steel Construction
Shibe Park (1909)
Forbes Field (1909)

Trends of new facilities

Cookie Cutter era (1960 - 1980)
The dome Era (1980 - 1990)
Retro Era (1990s) astro dome

First night baseball game

Crosley Field (Cin. OH)
happed in 1935
created a new value to the game

First Dome

Astro Dome (1965)
Built to eliminate weather.

Trends of Future Facilities

Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Sustainability of the area
inclusivity, safety, sports entertainment district.

Definition of sport facility

Any enclosed facility built installed or established as a location where sports are played

PAF

Public Assembly Facility
Consist of national parks, sports facility's, theaters

Facility Mgt.

Blends a wide variety of disciplines to optimize how a faculty and its users interact and the use of the facility

Book Def: Entails every aspect of making sure a building is operating efficiently in terms of safety, revenue production, tenant satisfaction, and preventative maintenance.

Facility Mgt. Goals.

Focusing on filling the facility's time and space opportunities and conducting events in a safe and client oriented fashion.

Skills for Facility Manager

-Infuse pride within everyone in your organization
-Communicate with a sense of purpose
-Track and measure success (give unique rewards)
-Delegate to others
-Understand what the STAKEHOLDERS wants

Mission Statement

Serve as a planning tool
Impossible to plan without knowing that facilities are trying to accomplish.

Vision Statement

Serves as an aspirational tool what they want to be.
The mission statement supports the vision statement.

Primary Functions of Mgt.

Planning
Organizing
Implementing
Controlling

SMART goals.

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely

Goals vs. Objectives

Goal: Specific directive and time specific
Objectives: focuses on how to reach a goal. long term.

Stratigic Planning

Is designed to help the highest level goals and objectives for the facility they are often called master plans

operational planning

Is more detailed and is used to help carry out strategic plan. It includes single use and standing plans.

functional planning

Focus on what operational plans are designed to accomplish marketing plans and safety plans are examples

Contingency Plan

Can be used if one of the other plans fail and the facility has to pursue another strategy.

Human Relations (Elton Mayo, 1924)

The Hawthorne effect
Mangers need to consider: Self esteem, personal feelings
morale, employee relationships.

Human Motivation (Abraham Maslow)

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
highlight what factors will motivate a person to choose a higher goals.

Expectancy (Victor Vroom, 1964)

Expectancy theory of motivation
Manager chooses a right reward that motivated an employee to perform.

Implementing management theory

motivation and leaders

Leadership Traits

Personal charisma
Shows by example
Hires well
Seeks change for the better
Focuses on leading people
Has followers
Maintains passion
Appeals to the heart
Transformation style

Managerial Traits

Coercive authority
Time mgt skills
Organization skills
Seek stability
Focuses on managing task
Has subordinates
Maintains control
Appeals to the head
Transactional style

Advantages of outsourcing.

A network of managed facility's creates a bargaining power
focus on key strengths
More effective negation of labor agreements.
Facility staff can focus on their expertise instead of wearing multiple hats.
A shared data base and greater access to experts.

disadvantages of outsourcing.

Excessive turnover of the GM
Responsibility - aggressively perusing the bottom line.
Loyalty - a turnover of loyalty to the private management company
Control - better off relying on their own management expertise.
Expense - monthly dee plus inceptives.

CAFM

Computer Aided Facility Management

3 key facility planning elements

Conceptual design
Financial Analysis
Strategic demand analysis

4 Areas of Concern

space mgt.
money
personnel
scheduling

Space Mgt.

Movement Management
Swing Space
Growth Space

Feasibility Study

Can the project be accomplished
will the project be suitable and successful
is the project logical.

Business plan

Help Allocate resources
establish financial sustainability
set realistic goals and objectives
operate as a benchmark for future activates.

White Elephant

looks fracking gnarly as 💩. but is really a PITA

Site Considerations

Zoning and regulation
user needs and community impact
land and environmental consideration

Political

Government regulations (Taxes, other businesses, people living in the area)

Accessibility Factors

Transportation to the area

Community Factors

Will we have to displace people with the new building

Environmental Constraints

Making sure environments are not impacted

The Planning Approach

Examining: specific needs
Developing: Ideal facility with rough cost
striving: utilize mgt. priorates to allocate funds in a rational manner
Eliminating: Items that have a low priority.

Cost Consideration

Leasing the land from the city or town

buying vs leasing

Buying: (+) Long term plans to stay, interests in investing in the facility, investment in land, unique facility needs
Buying: (-) expensive, need own money, need to borrow, need to pay taxes, responsible for all environmental issues.
Leasing: (+) tax deductible rent, can quickly escape out da back door, no large investment, not responsible for major facility problems.
Leasing: (-) no complete control on the facility, co investment growth options, potential for large increases in rent.

Evaluation methods

cost Approach: determines land value by adding the value of any investment to vacant land
Direct Sales Comparison approach: see what land around the area went for
Income Approach: determines land value based on how much money the site can generate.

2012 London Olympics

aquatic center: used by da public.
main stadium: home of a EPL team now
responsibility, sustainability, and looking forward.

Site Drawing

Provide details of the geographic location of the arena. (parking lot, Utilities ect.)

Architectural design

shows the floor plan lowest to highest

Structural drawings

all the supporting systems in great detail

Plumbing Drawings

depict the water distribution system from piping to fixtures

mechanical drawings

provide information about HVAC systems

Electrical Drawings

showing the electrical demands and placement of electrical fixtures.

4 phases of construction process

Programming, design, construction, occupancy.

Programming

Decide what to build and why it will be built
Deciding what events will be held including capacity, amenities, and sales areas.
Examining space, cost and other criteria (accessibility, Demand)

Design

Designing the facility with architects (drawings, HVAC, Etc)
Reviewing operation to ensure that systems will operate as intended
Preparing construction, legal, and bidding documents

construction

Awarding the contracts
Developing the constriction schedule
Completing the construction process and going through the inspection process.

occupancy

Finishing including completing the punch list (list of things that need to be completed)
Obtaining the occupancy permit
Doing facility maintenance and renovation in the life of the facility

Contractual Relations

Lump Sum, GTD Max Price, Turnkey, Construction Management

Lump Sum

Total costs are fixed and known at start, Contractors try to build under budget, Owner in control of quality

GTD Max Price

Max price known from start (No over budget guarantee), Contractor responsible for price overruns, Owner in control of quality

Turnkey

Construction company builds the facility with little input from future owner, After completion the constructor turns keys over to owner, Hard for owners to make changes

Construction Management

Hires a construction manager to work on the owners behalf (total cost unknown at the start)
Works to reduce cost and save as much money as possible through the planned approach.

Site Preparation Steps

Build a field office and road
Rough grading
Grubbing (site cleaning)
Topographic study
Soil treatment and basic landscaping.

Foundation Materials

Concrete, Rebar steel, Wood

Substructure and Load

Level at and below the ground
The substructure helps transfer the build weight to the earth below.
Dead Load: entire weight of the entire building.
live Load: Weight of all the people furnishings equipment and elements such as rain or snow on the earth.

SuperStructure

Framing, Columns, Beams, Trusses
Everything above the structure

Exterior componentes

Retractable roofs, glass doors, design components on the outside
Roofs: Pitch Roof, Flat Roof, Dome Roof
Natural grass vs. Artificial turd
Interior Component's: Millwork, building systems, finishing, seating, flooring.

Preliminary cost

Pay for site
site development
legal fees

Architectural Cost

Preparation of architectural and engineering plans.

construction cost

building contracts and subcontracts
supervision costs
building permits

Furniture and fixture cost

15% of the total budget

Insurance cost

To pay the facility developer if the company fails to complete the project

Contingencies

Up to 10% of the total cost.

Direct Cost

Labor, materials, equipment, and subcontractors cost

indirect cost

legal fees, insurance cost, printing cost, consulting fees.

Overlooked cost

Strikes by laborers, weather issues, escalating costs associated with inflation.